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HONEST SCIENTIST IN ED CONRAD'S CORNER
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< http://www.edconrad.com
======================================<
SUBMITTED BY LIN LIANGTAI OF TAIPEI, TAIWAN
<
An updated evaluation of a "Carboniferous human
calvarium fossil”
<
http://www.edconrad.com/pics/OldestHumanSkull.JPG
http://www.edconrad.com/pics/Calvarium5.jpg
http://www.edconrad.com/pics/Calvarium10.jpg
< (To view any photos or videos contained within, click on
http://groups.google.com.tw/group/mummy-dinosaur-carved-by-men/web/me...
<
SUMMARY
<
The author has examined through microscopes more than 30 thin
sections
cut From “rocks” that Mr. Ed Conrad discovered and sent to the
author.
Without exception, they are all found to be fossils, including the
subject “calvarium fossil”. The object is a Carboniferous human
calvarium fossil for the following reasons:
<
(1) its computed-tomography images bear close re
==================================<
Last update: May 4, 2008 (sixth edition)
<
semlance to those of
calvarium;
<
(2) it contains fossilized osteocytes, Haversian canals, osteons, red
blood cells and various blood vessels in the specimens and thin
sections ;
<
(3) it contains remains of neurons and neuroglial cells that exist
only in the central nervous system;
<
(4) No other animal has an organ or body part that matches its
inner/outer shape and size;
<
(5) Its inner cavity has a capacity of at least 1,025 cc.;
(6) It was found between coal veins near Mahanoy (City),
Pennsylvania,
where geological structure has been dated to be around 300 million
years old.
<
Some of the fossil’s blood vessels have turned into coal, suggesting
it once existed in a coal region. In addition to the subject fossil,
there are at least two other pieces of evidence
for human existence in the Carboniferous age.
<
INTRODUCTION
<
A “calvarium fossil” (Fig. 1, Video 1, Video 2, Video 3, Video 4),
discovered between anthracite veins (Fig. 2-6, Fig. 2-7, Fig. 2-8,
Fig. 2-9) and owned by Mr. Ed Conrad of Shenandoah, Pennsylvania,
U.S.A., has been considered for over 25 years to be just a rock,
while
its owner keeps maintaining that it is a Carboniferous human
calvarium
fossil. This article attempts to evaluate the object by answering the
following questions n this article’s Discussion section:
<
1. Is it a fossil?
<
2. Is it a calvarium fossil?
<
3. Is it a human calvarium fossil?
<
4 Is it a Carboniferous human calvarium fossil?
<
5. Are there other evidences for human existence in the Carboniferous
age?
<
6.Was there high-technology civilization in the Carboniferous age?
<
7. Further discussion/Attempts to disprove myself
<
7-1 Couldn’t it be a rock?
<
-- 7-2 Couldn’t it be something other than a calvarium fossil?
<
-- 7-3 Couldn’t it be a non-human calvarium fossil?
<
-- 7-4 Couldn’t it be later than the Carboniferous age?
=====================================<
A calvarium is a skull without the lower jaw/the facial parts,
whereas
cranium refers to skull bones that enclose the brain (Ref. 1). A
calvarium could contain degraded brain remains.
<
MATERIAL AND METHODS
<
Material A-1:
<
On the author’s request, the owner of the “fossil” cut a small
specimen from the object, took pictures of the spot where the
specimen
was cut
<
(Fig. 2-2), and sent the specimen to the author by post.
<
The specimen arrived in the following conditions:
<
1. A chunk of “fossil” about 1.5 cm long, 1 cm wide, and 0.5 cm
thick.
<
2. Three small fragments that crumbled out of the above chunk
when
the author took up the chunk to look at it for the first time. The
three fragments measure about 0.5 cm x 0.5 cm x 0.2 cm each.
<
3. Dozens of small grains, each measuring less than 0.2 cm in any
dimension.
<
Above three kinds of specimens were taken to the geology department of
National Taiwan University. They were made into three thin sections
(Thin Section 1, 2 and 3 respectively) in the following methods,
which
involved no artificial staining of colors:
1. Thin section 1 (Fig. 4): Specimen 1 was cut for transverse and
longitudinal sections, which were then ground and mounted onto a
glass
slide, namely thin section 1. One third of Specimen 1 was left from
the process of making the thin section (Fig. 5, Specimen 1 remnant).
<
2. Thin section 2 (Fig. 6): Fragments of Specimen 2 were cut, ground
and ounted onto a glass slide.
<
3. Thin section 3 (Fig. 7) : Small grains of Specimen 3 were placed
in
a mold, glued firmly together, ground to a thickness of about 0.03
mm,
and then mounted onto a glass slide, namely thin section 3. This thin
ection was not covered with glass, but was coated with a thin layer
of
wax n its top side.
<
Specimens 1, 2, 3, and thin sections 1, 2, 3 were viewed through a
stereo -microscope, a digital microscope (ref. 11), and a
transmitted-
ligh microscope. The remnant from specimen 1 and thin section 3 were
also iewed with a scanning electron mircoscope (Hitachi model
S-3400N). The scanning electronic microscope also analysed the
remnant’s chemical
composition in a tiny spot (Fig. 8, EDS report). Besides the digital
microscope, a camera (Canon model EOS 350D) was used to capture
images
from the stereo-microscope and the transmitted-light microscope.
<
MATERIAL A-2:
<
On March 17, 2008, Mr. Ed Conrad cut another specimen from the object
(Fig. 2-10) and sent it to the author (Fig. 2-11, Fig. 2-12). This
specimen measured roughly 5.5 cm X 4 cm X 3 cm. This specimen’s
original location n the “calvarium fossil” is visible in Video 1.
<
This specimen, named K2 (Fig. 2) by Mr. Conrad, was taken to the
geology department of National Taiwan University, where it was cut in
three different directions. Three thin sections were then obtained
and
named here as SK2-1, SK2-2, SK2-3 (Fig. 3). The specimen and its
three
thin sections were viewed with various microscopes, such as
stereomicroscope,
transmitted-light microscope, digital microscope, and Scanning
Electron Microscope (SEM). Their images were captured with the
digital
microscope, SEM, and Canon camera Model EOS 350D.
<
Material B: the “calvarium fossil”
<
On March 28, 2008, the author had the “calvarium fossil” scanned by
the Computed Tomography system of Alberta Research Council in Canada.
The resulting computed-tomography videos are listed in Result A.
<
The author had also asked the owner of the “fossil” to measure the
object (Fig. 2-3) and got the following data:
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Outer dimensions of the object: 22.8 cm (maximum length) by 17.8 cm
maximum width) by 13.3 cm (maximum height)
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The owner advised the author that on the top side of the
object,
there seems to be a 6-mm-thick coating of foreign substance. To be on
the safe side, the author subtracts twice
that thickness6mm x 2from the above outer length , outer width, and
subtracts 6 mm from its exterior maximum height. Hence, the following
figures are obtained and used for calculating its cranial capacity:
<
Outer dimensions: 21.6 cm (Length) by 16.6 cm (Width) by 12.7 cm
(Height) Inner cavity dimensions: 15.9 cm (maximum length) by 10.8 cm
(maximum width) by 11.4 cm (maximum depth/height), as measured by its
owner.
<
Based on the above data, the author calculated the cranial capacity
of
the object as follows:
<
1. By Lee Pearson Formula, given by Williams et al (1995) and
Manjunath (2002b) (ref. 2):
<
For males: 0.000337 x (L-11) x (W-11) x (H-11) + 406.01
<
This formula uses outer dimensions, and those dimensions are
expressed
in millimeters in this formula. So, the following calculation is
done:
<
0.000337 x (216-11) x (166-11) x (127-11) + 406.01=1,648 cc
<
For females:
<
0.0004 x (L-11) x (W-11) x (H-11) + 206.60
<
Hence, the following calculation is done:
< 0.0004 x (216-11) x (166-11) x (127-11) + 206.60 =1,681 cc
<
Mean cranial capacity: (1648+1681) divided by 2 makes 1,665 cc.
<
As the gender of the “cranium” is unknown, only the mean figure
is considered here for convenience.
<
2. By Spheroid Formula, given by Manjunath (2002b, ref. 3)
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0.5238 x length x width x height(depth)= cranial capacity
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Above length, width, and depth are measurements of the cranial cavity
and expressed in centimeter.
<
Hence the calculation 0.5238x15.9x10.8x11.4=1,025 cc.
<
REULTS
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A. Animated Computed Tomography images in all three planes
(horizontal, coronal, and sagittal planes) of the whole object are
contained mainly in the following videos: Video 1, Video 2, Video 3,
<
Video 4.
<
B. The EDS report (Fig. 8, Energy Disperse Spectrum report), done by
the scanning electronic microscope, reveals that the object consists
of oxygen (46% by atom number), carbon (30%), silica (14%), and small
quantities of Fe, Na, Mg, and Al.
<
C. SEM images of Specimen 1 remnant and thin section 3 reveal
numerous
remains of bone cells (osteocytes, Fig. 1-0), blood vessels, and red
blood cells ( Fig. 9-1, Fig. 9-2, Fig. 9-3, Fig. 9-4, Fig. 9-5, Fig.
9-6, Fig. 9-7, Fig. 9- .
<
D. Various images of the object also show (1) branching blood vessel
remains (Fig. 1-0-0), Haversian canals and osteons (Fig. 1-1, Fig.
1-2, Fig. 1-3, Fig. 1-4, Fig. 1-5); (2) degraded remains of neurons,
neuroglial cells and nerve fibers (Fig. 10-1, Fig. 10-2, Fig. 10-3,
Fig. 10-4, Fig. 10-5, Fig. 10-6, Fig. 10-7, Fig. 10-8, Fig. 10-9);
(3)
blood vessel’s transverse section remains (Fig. 11-1, Fig. 11-2, Fig.
11-3, Fig. 11-4, Fig. 11-5); (4) various fossilized
tissues (Fig. 12-1 to Fig. 12-6).
<
E. Specimen 1 is found to have at least three black areas. One such
black area shows brilliant black vitreous luster under naked eyes and
microscopes (Fig. 5).SEM and light microscopies reveal that the shiny
black area contains arbonized blood vessels and erythrocytes (figures
9-4 to 9-.
<
F. The estimated cranial capacity of the “calvarium” ranges from
1,025
cc to 1,665 cc as calculated in the preceding paragraph.
<
DISCUSSION
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1. Is it a fossil?
<
Yes. Its computed-tomography images (Video 4) don’t look like any
rock. No rocks or plants contain all at the same time the remains of
neurons, mly-chosen, freshly-cut thin sections, not from re-worked/
contaminated tissues. Their colors are not artificially stained.
<
2. Is it a calvarium fossil?
<
Yes. Its computed-tomography images bear close resemblance to those f
a calvarium on the organ level (Video 4). On the cell level, it
contains remains of osteocytes, neurons, and glial cells as listed in
Results C and D Those remains point to a calvarium fossil that once
contained brain tissue. No other animal organs or body parts have
inner/outer sizes and shapes similar to this fossil’s shapes and
sizes
(Fig. 1).
<
3. Is it a human calvarium fossil?
<
Yes. Its cranial capacity of at least 1,025 cc is surpassed only by
cetaceans, walrus, elephants, and/or dinosaurs (ref. 4). However,
those four kinds of animal have no crania/organs that match the
subject fossil in cranial shape and size. As each order of animal has
a different shaped skull (ref. 5), the subject calvarium fossil can
be
identified as a human calvarium fossil by forensic experts on human
skulls. One such expert is Mr. Wilton Krogman. He
had physically examined the calvarium fossil. His broad smile in the
photo (Fig. 1) says that he confirmed it was a human calvarium
fossil.
<
The calvarium fossil matches humans’ cranial size, cranial capacity
and cranial shape in the following ways:
<
3-1 Cranial size (outer dimensions):
< Neanderthal: 24.1cm (length) x 14.6 cm (width) x
17.8 cm (height) (ref. 6)
< Subject fossil: 21.6 cm (length) x 16.6 cm (width) x
12.7 cm (height)
< 3-2 Cranial capacity:
<
< Neanderthal: 1,750 cc (ref. 7)
<
< Modern Human: 1,350-1,400 cc (ref.
<
< Java man: 940 cc (Homo Erectus, Trinil 2, Pithecanthropus
I, ref. 9)
<
< Subject fossil: at least 1,025 cc (by Spheroid Formula)
<
By the Lee Pearson Formula, the subject fossil has a cranial
capacity
of 1,665 cc. The vast difference between 1,665 cc and 1,025 cc may be
due to the following factors:
<
A. The Lee Pearson Formula uses the skull cap’s outer dimensions,
while the Spheroid Formula uses its inner dimensions. In this case,
the calvarium’s inner width is only 60% of its outer width, because
the fossil retains brain remains in its inner cavity (See the bottom
view of the fossil in Fig. 1).
As a result, the Lee Pearson Formula produces the result of 1,665
c.c. while the Spheroid Formula produces the result of only 1,025
c.c;
<
B. The calvarium was broken in the facial part;
<
3-3 Cranial shape:
<
< Human: well-rounded cranium (ref. 10)
<
< Java man: flat, very thick cranium (Homo Erectus, Trinil
2, Pithecanthropus
I) (Fig. 2-1 & ref. 9)
<
< Subject fossil: More rounded than the above Java
man
(Fig. 1 vs. Fig. 2-1)
<
< The above analysis shows the subject fossil matches human skull
caps in cranial size, cranial capacity, and cranial shape.
<
4. Is it a Carboniferous human calvarium fossil?
<
My judgment says yes. For over 27 years, its owner has attested many
times that all his fossils were found between coal veins near
Shenandoah/ Mahanoy (City), Pennsylvania (Fig. 2-6, Fig. 2-7, Fig.
2-8,
<
Fig. 2-9). That is in the anthracite region, the only one in the U.S.
proper. It’s in a most-studied geological area of the Carboniferous
age. That is to say animal fossils found there should have lived
there
in the Carboniferous age. The owner’s
attestation is mirrored in Specimen 1 remnant. Under naked eyes and
transmitted-light microscopes, the specimen looks black and shiny in
some areas (Fig. 5). Under SEM and a digital microscope (ref. 11),
the
shiny black area of Specimen 1 revealed its blood vessels that have
carbonized into coal
(Fig. 9-5). The shiny black color is a sign of vitraina thin,
bright,
horizontal band in bituminous coal that usually breaks with a
conchoidal fracture. The fossil’s black and shiny look suggests its
origin in a coal region.
<
Its owner has two other fossils that are also coalified. One such
fossil is a coalified adze handle (Fig. 14). Another is a fossilized
small toe complete with skin tissue, finger nail, tendon,ligaments,
and the middle phalanx (Fig. 15-1, Fig. 15-2, Fig. 15-3, Video 15-4,
Fig. 15-5). The mummified toe fossil shows signs of carbonization on
the toe tip’s bottom side (Fig. 16). Before Mr. Conrad found the
subject calvarium fossil, he had discovered many “fossils” at the
same
place. Why would he discover the subject fossil anywhere else when
many more of such
“fossils”, are still exposed out there, outcropping from the big
boulders in the region (Fig. 17-1, Fig. 17-2) ? Such outcropping
fossils include another mummified skull fossil (Fig. 2-13).
<
Mr. Conrad’s fossils include unimaginable fossilized organs such as
human liver, human finger, human long bone, mammalian limbs, etc.
(Fig. 18-1, Fig. 15-1, Fig. 18-2, Fig. 18-3, Fig. 18-4, Fig. 18-5).
This fossil brings up many questions to current theories about human
origins. If we avoid them, we are only fooling ourselves. If we face
them, they will bring us new
horizons for human civilization.
<
5. Are there other evidences for human existence in the
Carboniferous age?
<
Certainly. They are all shown in my albums ( here ).
<
Two other pieces of evidence for human existence in the Carboniferous
age include: (1) A human cerebral hemisphere fossil (Video 5, Video
6) and (2) A human toe fossil (Fig. 15-1, Video 7, Video .
<
6. Was there high-tech civilization in the Carboniferous age?
<
Modern humans took no more than 8,000 years to develop from low-tech
society to high-tech society. I have written about similar subjects
in
Gogle’s talk.origins newsgroup.
<
7. Further Discussion/Attempts to disprove myself
<
< 7-1
<
< Couldn’t it be a rock?
<
< Its CT images (Video 9, Video 10) don’t resemble any rock.
<
Besides my pictures, there are pictures by Mr. Andrew MacRae, Mr. PZ
Myers and Mr. Ed Conrad on the internet. Their pictures “also” show
Haversian canals and osteons, which are distinguishing features of
fossil bone micro-structures
(Fig. 20-4, Fig. 20-5, Fig. 20-6).
<
Few rocks have a shape and size that fully matches human skull
interior and exterior. To put it simply, there has never been a rock
that resembles a human skull cap from the organ level ( showing
cranial cavity), through the tissue level ( showing Haversian
canals,
osteons, branching blood vessels), down to the cell
level (showing remains of bone cells, red blood cells, neuroglial
cells and neurons).
<
More than twenty of Mr. Conrad’s “rocks” (see here) contain remains
of
red blood cells. Making no exception, the subject fossil contains
all
the above-mentioned features in natural condition/position. Most of
them are found where they should be.
I have cut more than 30 thin sections from the “rocks” and taken
more
than one thousand microscopic pictures of the twenty fossils the
owner has sent me.
<
Most of the jagged minerals found in the fossils are found trapped in
degraded organic tissues such as blood vessels. These degraded blood
vessels could not have gone into rocks/minerals, begun the
fossilization process there and still
remained jointed in natural posture. The minerals were not found in
a
continuous formation, but the organic tissues/organs were found in a
continuous formation, retaining their original outer shapes (of small
toe, calvarium, handle, liver, etc.)
and cell structures.
<
Plant fossils are characterized by regular radial wood structures
(year rings, rays, tracheids, etc.) in their transverse sections.
Animal fossils are very complex in transverse section. The subject
fossil shows complexity and its cell remains are too large to be
fungi
or bacteria. There is simply not a rock that contains
numerous look-alikes of neurons, neuroglial cells, osteocytes,
osteons, Haversian canals, red blood cells, blood vessels, and match
the human skull caps in size and shape, all at the same time.
<
7-2
<
Couldn’t it be something other than a calvarium fossil?
<
Large calvarium is a very different organ from all other animal
organs. Video 4 contains images resembling a calvarium’s temporal
line
and cranial sutures.
<
The subject fossil has a deep, wide inner cavity that roughly
matches the fossil’s outer shape and size. Its large size and
distinct shape cannot be found in any organs or body parts other
than
skulls. It contains degraded remains of neurons and neuroglial
cells,
which are not found in any organ
except in brains/spinal cords.
<
Those degraded neurons and glias could only have come from a
calvarium, because the subject fossil does not look like a vertebra
at
all. It is unlikely for many bone cells, neurons, neuroglial cells,
and blood vessels to leave a skull, get into another skull, and get
preserved there in continuous formation.
<
7-3
Couldn’t it be a non-human calvarium?
<
All crania have different, distinctive shapes among different orders
of animal
(ref. 5). The author has compared the fossil with various animal
skulls and found
only human skulls matched the fossil. The No. 1 distinction of human
skulls lies
in their large cranial capacity. No other animal has a skull that
remotely matches
human skulls in cranial capacity, cranial shape and cranial size.
<
7-4
<
Couldn’t it be later than the Carboniferous age?
<
I cannot believe that Mr. Conrad found his fossils in a foreign
country
or even in another state, as hundreds of such fossils have been
found
there
and many fossils were still outcropping there. Such outcropping
“fossils”
include a “mummified skull fossil” that is still embedded in a
boulder
weighing over 250 kilograms (Fig. 2-13). Why would he lie about their
place
of origin when he cared most about hundreds of “rocks’” being
recognized
as fossils? When his rocks have been demonstrated to be fossils,
that
means he was right all along, including the fossils’ place of
origin.
<
Even if it were not from the Carboniferous age, it would still be the
oldest
human skull cap in the world, as its original blood vessels have
carbonized
into shiny bituminous coal/anthracite (Fig. 5). Bituminous coal
found
east
of the Rocky Mountain in the U.S.A. is at least ten million years
old. No other
human skull cap has ever been found to be so old in the whole world.
<
CONCLUSION
<
The author has examined through microscopes more than 30 thin
sections
cut from “rocks” that Mr. Ed Conrad discovered and sent to the
author.
Without exception, they are all found to be fossils, including the
subject
“calvarium fossil”. The object is a Carboniferous human calvarium
fossil
for the following reasons:
<
(1) its computed-tomography images bear close resemlance to those of
a calvarium; (2) it contains fossilized osteocytes, Haversian canals,
osteons,
red blood cells and various blood vessels in the specimens and thin
sections ;
(3) it contains remains of neurons and neuroglial cells that exist
only in the
central nervous system; (4) No other animal has an organ or body
part
that
matches its inner/outer shape and size; (5) Its inner cavity has a
capacity
of at least 1,025 cc.; (6) It was found between coal veins near
Mahanoy, (City).
Pennsylvania, where geological structure has been dated to be around
300
million years old. Some of the fossil’s blood vessels have turned
into
coal,
suggesting it once existed in a coal region. In addition to the
subject fossil,
there are at least two other pieces of evidence for human existence
in
the Carboniferous age.
+
REFERENCESr
<
Ref. 1: Wikipedia article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skull
<
Ref. 2: “Estimation of Cranial Volume in Dissecting Room Cadavers”
by K.Y. Manjunath, J. Anat. Soc. India 51(2) pp.168-172 (2002)
<
Ref. 3: Same as ref. 2.
<
Ref. 4: Brain Facts and Figures in an article at URL:
<
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/facts.html
<
Ref. 5: On-line article at URL: http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/bex/31..pdf
<
< (Page 4 of a teaching plan for grade three of primary
schools)
<
Ref. 6: On-line material at URL: http://www.boneclones.com/BH-019.htm
<
Ref. 7: Neanderthal physical traits in a Wikipedia article at URL:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal (See anatomy section)
<
Ref. 8: Same as ref. 4.
<
Ref. 9: On-line article at URL: www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/java.html
<
Ref. 10: Same as ref. 9.
<
Ref. 11: Digital microscopeDino-Lite AM-313T5 made by AnMo
Electronics Corp. http://www.anmo.com.tw/
<
========<
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<
WORLD'S NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUMS
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
Alaska Museum of Natural History
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Albany Museum, Rhodes University, Grahamston, South Africa
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The Notebaert Nature Museum, Chicago, Illinois
Chula Vista Nature Center, Chula Vista, California
Cincinnati Museum Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
City of Santa Cruz Museum of Natural History
Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, Ohio
College of Eastern Utah Prehistoric Museum
Connecticut State Museum of Natural History
Cumberland Lodge, Museum, and Center for Leadership Studies,
Williamsburg, Kentucky
Dallas Museum of Natural History
Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Denver, Colorado
Johnston Geology Museum, Emporia, Kansas
Essig Museum of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley
Fernbank Museum of Natural History, Atlanta, Georgia
Fick Fossil and History Museum, Oakley, Kansas
The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago
Finnish Museum of Natural History: Botanical Museum
The Florida Museum of Natural History
Georgia Museum of Natural History
Harvard Museum of Natural History
Haus der Natur, Cismar, Germany
Haus der Natur, Salzburg, Austria
The High Desert Museum, Bend, Oregon
Honolulu Community College Dinosaur Exhibit, Honolulu, Hawaii
Hooper Virtual Paleontological Museum, Canada
Houston Museum of Natural Science
Humboldt State University Natural History Museum, Humboldt, California
Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery, Glasgow, Scotland
Illinois Natural History Survey
Illinois State Museum
Institute of Systematics, Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of
Sciences
Kansas University Natural History Museum, Lawrence, Kansas
Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History
Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science
Manchester Museum, University of Manchester, England
Massachusetts Museum of Natural History, University of Massachusetts
Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Missouri Botanical Garden
Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, California
Montshire Museum of Science, Norwich, Vermont
Musée de Minéralogie, Êcole des Mines, Paris
Musée d'Histoire Naturelle, Fribourg, Switzerland
Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle,Luxembourg
Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Genève (Natural History), Geneva
Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze, Firenze (Florence), Italy
Museo di Storia Naturale dell'Università di Pisa, Italy
Museo Mundo de Ambar, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid
Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali, Trento, Italy
Museon, Den Haag (The Hague), Netherlands
Museum of Natural History - Cormack Planetarium, Providence, RI
Museums of Natural History, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Museum of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico
Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley
Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution
Washington, DC
National Museum of Natural History: Naturalis, Leiden, Netherlands
The Natural History Museum, Berne, Switzerland
The Natural History Museum, London
Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht, The Netherlands
Natuurmuseum Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Neanderthal Museum, Mettmann, Germany
New England Aquarium, Boston, Massachusetts
The New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science
The New York State Museum
Nichols Arboretum, University of Michigan
North Carolina Museum of Life and Science
The North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences
Nova Scotia Museum
The Oakland Museum of California, Oakland, California
The Oklahoma Biological Survey
Oklahoma Museum of Natural History
Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History, Monterey County, Cal.
Paleontological Museum, University of Oslo, Norway
The Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University
Pratt Museum of Natural History, Amherst College
Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
The Rankin Museum of American and Natural History
The Raptor Center, University of Minnesota
Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montréal, Qué., Canada
The Royal British Columbia Museum
The Royal Ontario Museum (ROM), Toronto
The Royal Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology, Alberta, Canada
San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego, California
Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Satrosphere , Aberdeen, Scotland
Senckenberg Natural History Museum, Frankfurt, Germany
Sierra College Natural History Museum
The Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History
St. Louis Science Center
Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Stuttgart, Germany
State Darwin Museum, Moscow, Russia
Birch Aquarium-Museum, Scripps Institute of Oceanography
Sternberg Museum of Natural History
Stoke-on-Trent City Museum
Mayborn Museum Complex, Baylor University
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
Tallahassee Museum of History and Natural Science
Tate Geological Museum, Casper, Wyoming
The Tennessee Aquarium, Chattanooga, Tennessee
The Texas Memorial Museum, University of Texas at Austin
Teylers Museum, Haarlem, The Netherlands
University of Alaska Museum, Fairbanks, Alaska
University of Alberta Museum of Zoology
University of California Museum of Paleontology
University of Colorado Museum of Natural History
University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology
University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
University of Michigan Exhibit Museum of Natural History
University of Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln, Nebraska
University of Oregon Museum of Natural History
University of Washington Fish Collection
University of Wisconsin-Madison Geology Museum
University of Wyoming Geological Museum
The Vanderbilt Museum, Centerport, Long Island, New York
The Virginia Living Museum, Newport News, Virginia
Virginia Marine Science Museum, Hampton Roads, Virginia
Virginia Museum of Natural History
Virginia Museum of Natural History, Virginia Tech branch
Voralberger Naturschau Dornbirn, Dornbirn, Austria
Worldwide Museum of Natural History
Wyoming Dinosaur Center, Thermopolis, Wyoming
Zoological Museum of University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
Zoological Museum of the University of Copenhagen, Denmark |
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| Cj... |
| Posted: Wed May 07, 2008 1:17 pm |
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Guest
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<good_gawd_not_him_again_xxx at (no spam) yahoo.com> wrote in message
news:5a19cff0-ce7f-4b87-9785-9576bf0ffb33 at (no spam) t54g2000hsg.googlegroups.com...
<
<
HONEST SCIENTIST IN ED CONRAD'S CORNER
<
< http://www.edconrad.com
=======================================
<
SUBMITTED BY LIN LIANGTAI OF TAIPEI, TAIWAN
L.L is a phony and a bullshitter just like Ed Conrad.
Cj |
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| John Kepler... |
| Posted: Wed May 07, 2008 1:43 pm |
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Guest
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Quote: L.L is a phony and a bullshitter just like Ed Conrad.
Yep.....about what you'd expect to get if you dragged 100 bucks through a
trailer park!
Oh....you'll note that the measure of "an honset scientist" is agreeing with
Ed....not on any objective evaluation of the quality of his data or science.
But what the hell....based on Ed and the "Hollow Earth Lady", I'm part of
the "conspiracy" for reasons _I_ don't even know!
John |
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| Lord Vetinari... |
| Posted: Wed May 07, 2008 2:05 pm |
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Guest
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"John Kepler" <jekepler at (no spam) amplex.net> wrote in message
news:4821f861$1_1 at (no spam) nntp2.nac.net...
Quote: L.L is a phony and a bullshitter just like Ed Conrad.
Yep.....about what you'd expect to get if you dragged 100 bucks through a
trailer park!
Oh....you'll note that the measure of "an honset scientist" is agreeing
with Ed....not on any objective evaluation of the quality of his data or
science. But what the hell....based on Ed and the "Hollow Earth Lady", I'm
part of the "conspiracy" for reasons _I_ don't even know!
That's a good trick! |
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| rwalker... |
| Posted: Wed May 07, 2008 2:35 pm |
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Guest
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"Cj" <Cj at (no spam) mist.net> wrote in message
news:nPGdneeLvfG4b7zVnZ2dnUVZ_qSonZ2d at (no spam) gwi.net...
snip
=======================================
Quote:
SUBMITTED BY LIN LIANGTAI OF TAIPEI, TAIWAN
L.L is a phony and a bullshitter just like Ed Conrad.
Cj
My guess is that L.L. IS Ed Conrad. |
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