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Science Forum Index » Nanotechnology Forum » AtomWorks Alert
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| Author |
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| Sean Murdock |
 Posted: Tue Aug 19, 2003 5:33 am |
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Guest
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View from the trenches
As I reviewed the articles over the past few weeks, I was once again
struck by the incredible nanotech developments in the Midwest. There has
been a widespread belief that high technology development in the United
States happens only on the Coasts. The facts clearly refute that view.
About a third of the U.S. peer reviewed nanotechnology publications come
from Midwest institutions. While the articles below over the past two
weeks are not a statistically valid sample, they clearly are indicative
of the developments taking place in the region. And there's more than
just research activity going on - at last year's Nanotech Venture Fair,
almost 25% of the presenters were from the Midwest, including a winner
in Advanced Diamond Technologies.
Of particular interest in this Alert are two developments at the
University of Illinois Urbana Champaign. First, the three dimensional
microfluidic devices developed by Jennifer Lewis's group could
significantly improve microfluidic and lab-on-a-chip systems. Second, a
group of former Ballard Power executives have decided to commercialize a
formic acid fuel cell technology developed at UIUC, and have moved from
finding the technology to closing a $500K round and securing space in
the UIUC incubator in less than 4 months.
You'll notice that our feature story this week, "Microfluidics Grows Up"
is actually microtechnology and not nanotechnology (at least as we
define it), yet we are highlighting it in the Alert. I believe it was
Ralph Waldo Emerson who said, "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of
little minds." So, when we think a micro or bio innovation is
significant enough to merit attention, we will feature those
developments, especially when the future development path includes
nanotech.
We have received an enthusiastic response to the newsletter, and we
appreciate your interest. As a reminder, we really do want your feedback
and suggestions for improvement. Hopefully, those of you who made
suggestions will notice the improvements along the way.
Best,
Sean Murdock
Executive Director
AtomWorks
sean@atomworks.org
http://www.atomworks.org/
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Feature Story
Pipe up: UIUC researchers take micro-plumbing into the third dimension
by John D. Schrock <mailto:john@atomworks.org>
Recent advances in materials science suggest that the field of
microfluidics is growing up. Literally.
Researchers at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, have
applied for a patent based upon a process they developed for
constructing 3D plumbing networks on the micron scale. The new
techniques greatly increase the design options for building
lab-on-a-chip devices, such as mobile chemical sensors and massively
parallel DNA sorters. The research could also yield such futuristic
applications as manufactured parts that heal themselves.
Microfluidics technology is garnering attention for its ability to
transport tiny amounts of fluid through a chip-sized device. The
long-term goal is to develop microchip-like processing abilities for a
new generation of portable laboratories.
Journey to the third dimension
Existing lab-on-a-chip designs mostly rely on photolithography and other
silicon-based fabrication techniques. These processes work, but they
usually restrict designs to two-dimensional (2D) layers. As 2D chips
grow more complex, they have no choice but to sprawl outward.
Unsatisfied with these limitations, UIUC researchers, Dr. Jennifer
Lewis, Dr. Scott White and graduate student Daniel Therriault, set out
to develop a "radically new way of building microfluidic networks that
provides easy access to the third dimension."
Their team uses a process called robocasting to build the 3D channels.
Robocasting incorporates a mechanized platform that slides in the two
horizontal dimensions and a nozzle that moves up and down. The nozzle
deposits patterns of specially engineered ink onto a teflon substrate,
which is mounted on the moving platform. When one layer is completed,
the nozzle rises up one step and begins drawing a pattern on the next
layer. As the layers are deposited, a scaffold-like structure begins to
emerge- -a "negative image" of the microchannel design.
When the device completes the ink patterning process, resin is poured
over the scaffold and allowed to cure. The resin is then heated and the
ink melts out, leaving a block-shaped device laced with interconnected,
microchannel pipes. To complete the process, resin is infiltrated into
the pipes and cured at specific locations with ultraviolet light.
The process yields channels as narrow as 10 microns, or millionths of a
meter.
Dinky inks
The UIUC team was able to use the robocasting process only after
carefully tailoring the ink to get the appropriate properties. For
starters, the ink had to have the right "viscoelastic" behavior. Not
only did it have to flow through the nozzle freely, but, once deposited,
it had to support itself immediately to form a stable structure.
Moreover, the ink had to maintain the shape of the nozzle -square,
round, triangular- like play-dough squeezed through a toy extruder.
Compare that to conventional liquid ink, which spreads and wets the
paper. "You don't want this happening when you're writing 3D self-
supporting structures," notes Lewis.
Another challenge was to "infiltrate" the delicate 3D network with a
low-viscosity resin without causing the structure to collapse and
without encapsulating defects such as bubbles between the deposited ink
lines.
The team used an organic, waxy ink, a departure from the group's prior
work on colloidal inks, which rely on regulating the interactions
between particles to create the desired flow behavior . "What was new
about this ink design was that we moved completely away from
particulate-based materials and used all organics," she says. "We took
the things we had learned from assembling colloidal inks and mimicked
those in an organic material."
Squaring the spiral
The team also had to design useful microchannel structures. For example,
square-spiral mixing towers -imagine a spiral tunnel with flat sides and
right angles- proved much more effective than planar structures at
mixing streams of liquid. Mixing presents special challenges at the
micron scale, where laminar flow (i.e., diffusive mixing) dominates.
For reasons not yet fully understood, adding the vertical dimension
allows fluids to mix more readily. "Hopefully this work will spawn new
theoretical models for understanding fluid dynamics in these types of
channels," says Lewis.
Another advantage of their approach is that it allows complex networks
to be packed into less space, significantly reducing device size.
Applications
Chip-sized laboratories represent only one application for the UIUC
research. Scott White believes the technology can also be used to
engineer self-healing materials. He envisions networks of microchannels
-not unlike the vascular system in the human body-that deliver "healing
agents" to damaged areas.
Epoxy-based composites, for example, could incorporate a microchannel
network that transports the healing agent to a damaged site, where
polymerization would occur to produce new material, thereby "healing"
the damage.
Engineers could employ a similar approach to design thermal management
networks for electronics packaging. As microprocessors get faster and
more complex, they generate more heat. A network of microchannels could
pump coolant through the structure, allowing the chip run cooler (and
therefore at a higher clock speed.)
Another promising avenue is to incorporate nanoscale structures into
microchannel networks. Other researchers at UIUC, for example, are
developing nanoporous gates that can be placed strategically throughout
the network, allowing precise control of how much material can be
transported through. Such developments could enable biosensor detection
schemes that mix materials together so that they fluoresce when a target
material is present.
What's next
The next step for Scott White, Jennifer Lewis, and their colleagues is
to expand the palette of structural designs beyond the square-spiral
mixing towers. "We're looking at different geometries to embed in these
networks." Triangular towers, for example, could yield different and
useful mixing behavior. Another focus is to expand the number of layers
in these structures to 100 or more.
Lewis characterizes their research as "exploratory" at this point.
Three-dimensional microfuidics, she says, is "just starting to make a
splash from a science perspective, and to our knowledge hasn't yet
transitioned to startups or anything like that."
But thanks to the groundwork laid by Daniel Therriault, Scott White and
Jennifer Lewis, microchannel designs can begin to grow up, rather than
merely out.
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Trends to watch
Improving the quality of life.
8/14/2003 - While the elixir of life is for fairy tales and day dreams,
specially engineered nano-oxide particles promise to fight off aging by
quadrupling the life of brain cells, as shown by research done at the
University of Central Florida. In addition to prolonging the life, the
function of the cells is also maintained, holding potential for
treatments for diseases from Alzheimer's to arthritis. Also promising to
improve the quality of life, Spire corporation is developing
nanocrystalline coatings to improve the performance of orthopedic
implants. Premature babies in turn will benefit from the extremely
sensitive hydrogen sensors employing arrays of titania nanotubes,
developed at Penn State University.
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Spintronics goes where no one has gone before.
8/14/2003 - Moore's law states that the amount of space needed to put a
transistor on chip is cut in half every 1.5 years. However, the cost of
manufacturing those high density chips doubles every 3 years. In
addition, the physical limit is looming and poses a serious challenge to
researchers all over the world. Researchers at Texas Instruments and the
University of North Texas are looking to extend the lifeline of
traditional chip technology by solving the problem of electron
interference. At the other end of the world, scientists at the
University of Tokyo are studying spintronics which uses voltage to
manipulate the spin of an electron, resulting in current at room
temperature without the classic problem of dissipation. Meanwhile,
researchers at the University of California at Santa Barbara have
transferred electron spins between quantum dots at room temperature.
These spins could eventually be used as quantum bits in computers. While
usable quantum computers are still decades away, development is ongoing
as is shown by the recent research done by the University of Oxford and
University College London in England. They found that by connecting
qubits, the basic components of quantum computers, they can be
controlled all at once, an important step forward.
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Commercialization
Nanotechnology and commercialization.
NanoApex News 8/11/2003 - Nanotechnology is enabling the next area of
electronics, data storage ; new computing methods and several companies
are leveraging the opportunities. HP is redesigning the integrated
circuit with molecular rather than semiconductor components. IBM and
Hitachi Global Storage Technologies are partnering to develop ultra high
storage devices with a terabit capacity using IBM's Millipede. General
Electric Co. and Rockwell Automation are studying the possibilities of
nanoelectronics in factories and products. This article discusses the
challenges involved.
http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News
<http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3692>
&file=article&sid=3692
Spire Corporation receives $750,000 NIH grant to develop nanotechnology
coatings for orthopedic prostheses.
Nano Investor News 8/11/2003 - Spire Corporation, a public company
manufacturing advanced surface treatments for the biomedical industry,
received a two-year $750,000 SBIR Phase II grant from the National
Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases to develop
nanocrystalline coatings for orthopedic implants. These coatings promise
superior adhesion of the coating to the implant, resulting in decreased
wear and extended performance of the device. The size of the orthopedic
reconstructive products market is $4 billion.
http://www.nanoinvestornews.com/modules.php?name=News
<http://www.nanoinvestornews.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=
1727> &file=article&sid=1727
Fuel cell company comes to C-U.
The News-Gazette 8/9/2003 - Renew Power, a brand new start-up making
tiny fuel cells running on formic acid based on technology licensed the
University of Illinois, has found its home in Champaign, Illinois.
Compared to devices using batteries, devices running on fuel cells don't
need electrical outlets for recharge. With initial funding of almost
$500 000, it expects to have a commercial prototype in 12 months and a
commercial product in 24 months.
http://www.news-gazette.com/story.cfm?Number=14316
Second-quarter report card shows how small tech is maturing.
Small Times 8/7/2003 - Late stage funding in micro- and nanotechnology
based start-ups increased significantly over the second quarter. In
addition to this sign of maturity of start-ups, there is also increasing
competition among VCs for nanotech deals. This indicates a move from an
investor's market to a more balanced situation.
http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=6462
NVE gets memorable DARPA grant.
Small Times 8/7/2003 - NVE Corp, the Minnesota based and NASDAQ traded
company that develops and manufactures MRAM products using spintronics,
was awarded a $750,000 contract by DARPA, for continued development of
their technology. MRAM has the potential of replacing DRAM (dynamic
random access memory) with higher speed and more durable memory while
being cheaper.
http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=6464
Electronics giant in quantum dot deal with California startup.
Small Times 8/6/2003 - Quantum Dot Corporation., the Californian
start-up making quantum dots, and Matsushita Electrical Industrial Co.,
the Japanese conglomerate with expertise in developing optical
instrumentation and detection equipment, will co- develop,
co-manufacture and co-market biological detection equipment for
applications such as disease research, drug development and diagnosis.
The first product resulting from the alliance is a high throughput
reader for drug discovery research.
http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=6457
Nano tool market is no small change.
Small Times 8/5/2003 - While nanotools are among nanotech's first
profitable companies, the market for instruments for nanoscale imaging,
manipulation and manufacturing is becoming more competitive with now
about 300 companies worldwide. Because a dominant technology paradigm
has yet to emerge, there is considerable uncertainty as to which
companies will ultimately survive.
http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=6447
Konarka gets shot in the arm from Army.
Small Times 8/5/2003 - Konarka Technologies Inc., a Massachusetts-based
startup developing technologies allowing photovoltaic cells (PVC) to be
coated onto materials other than glass, received a grant from the U.S.
Army to integrate its solar technology into a range of military
applications such as electronic devices, uniforms and other things
carried by soldiers.
http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=6453
STS sharpens its MEMS tools to carve a niche in industry.
Small Times 8/4/2003 - U.K. based Surface Technology Systems plc,
currently market leader in deep silicon etching tools for MEMS
researchers, announced its plans to focus more on industry and
full-scale MEMS production. A key part of STS's strategy is timely and
useful after-sales service. The challenge ahead is to provide
cost-effective tools for small quantities because MEMS makers cannot
increase production to lower the unit cost.
http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=6442
Nanofab partnerships lead to real-world solutions.
Nano Investor News 8/1/2003 - A nicely timed bit of PR on the value of
collaborations between academic and industrial researchers. Academic
researchers are getting practical market-oriented feedback from
industrial researchers, while industry gets access to the expensive
academic facilities and top notch basic research. Intel's launch of
100-nanometer chip features this year, two years ahead of schedule, is
cited as an example. However, the article does not address the
competitive forces (especially from TSMC) that helped accelerate the
development path. Nonetheless, we are strong believers that these
collaborations can create tremendous value - that's why we are
exceptionally concerned that the NNIN have several significant
facilities in the Midwest, since the existing NNUN had no presence here
in the past decade.
http://www.nanoinvestornews.com/modules.php?name=News
<http://www.nanoinvestornews.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=
1697> &file=article&sid=1697
Research
NIST helps chip industry measure features by counting atoms.
NanoApex News 8/14/2003 - Researchers at the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) have invented a novel diode-laser based
interferometer able to measure distances smaller than the 10 picometers.
This technology will enable the development of benchmarking references
used in the semiconductor industry to calibrate measurement tools.
http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News
<http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3707>
&file=article&sid=3707
UCF brain cell research spawns hope for longer life.
NanoApex News 8/14/2003 - Scientists at the University of Central
Florida have discovered that nanomaterials can quadruple the life of
brain cells. Specially engineered nano-oxide particles, originally
developed for industrial purposes, appear to counter the damage done by
free radicals, a major component of aging. This discovery could lead to
improved treatment of certain age-related disorders, such as Alzheimer's
disease, as well as arthritis and other joint-related problems.
http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News
<http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3709>
&file=article&sid=3709
Nanocoils spring into place.
NanoApex News 8/13/2003 - Researchers from Northwestern University and
Osaka Prefecture University in Japan have mapped out the mechanics of
nanocoils by direct tensile loading. These coils, behaving like elastic
springs, could potentially be used as springs in nano and
microelectromechanical systems, or as filler material for elastomer
composites.
http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News
<http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3705>
&file=article&sid=3705
Quantum computer keeps it simple.
NanoApex News 8/13/2003 - Researchers at the University of Oxford and
University College London in England have proposed a new way in which
qubits , the basic components of quantum computers, interact. By
constantly connecting the qubits to each other instead of repeatedly
connecting and disconnecting them, it is possible to control them all at
once. This is another important step forward in the development of
practical quantum computers.
http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News
<http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3706>
&file=article&sid=3706
Nanotechnology researchers looking to build shrinking computer chips.
Small Times 8/12/2003 - Researchers at Texas Instruments and the
University of North Texas are trying to build computer ships about 500
atoms across, half the size of currently used chips, by solving the
problem of cross-talk, electron interference when electrons are
uncontrolled. Possible methods to manipulate molecules without damaging
them include the usage of mechanical tools or optical forces.
http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=6488
Purdue physicists measure the Casimir Force.
NanoApex News 8/12/2003 - Researchers at Purdue University have
succeeded in precisely measuring the Casimir force, a force exerted by
photons resulting in an attraction force between two very small objects.
Because this force is important on a nanoscale, it is necessary to be
able to correctly measure it in order to factor it into the further
studies and development of nanoscale devices used in the fiber-optic
industry and other industries.
http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News
<http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3698>
&file=article&sid=3698
Spintronics could enable a new generation of electronic devices.
NanoApex News 8/12/2003 - Scientists at the University of Tokyo studying
spintronics, the science of the manipulation of the spin of electrons,
have developed a theory that the spin of an electron can be transported
without any loss of energy at room temperature in materials commonly
used in the semiconductor industry. They will start experiments to
validate this theory. If proven correct, ever-smaller devices could be
created using spintronics without dissipation.
http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News
<http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3697>
&file=article&sid=3697
Nanolitho effort harnesses self-assembly.
NanoApex News 8/6/2003 - Scientists at the University of Wisconsin have
devised a reliable and cost-effective technique for casting nanoscale
components into chips using block co-polymers. The study shows that
nanoscale patterning of silicon substrates with regular, repeatable,
atomically perfect application-specific templates that could enable
consistent, low-defect nanoscale chips.
http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News
<http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3679>
&file=article&sid=3679
Titania nanotubes could benefit babies.
NanoApex News 8/6/2003 - Scientists at Penn State University have used
arrays of titania nanotubes to make sensitive hydrogen sensors. The
extreme hydrogen sensitivities can be obtained with sensors at room
temperature and do only require minimal power. In addition, exposure to
ambient ultraviolet light could lead the sensors to self-clean.
Applications of the hydrogen sensors are varied, ranging from usage in
monitors of hydrogen levels in premature babies, to applications in
industrial food quality control.
http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News
<http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3676>
&file=article&sid=3676
Optical control technique could enable microfluidic devices powered by
surface tension.
EurekAlert! 8/5/2003 - Physicists at the Georgia Institute of Technology
have demonstrated a new optical technique for controlling the flow of
very small volumes of fluids over solid surfaces, eliminating the need
for etching pipes or channels into silicon or other substrate material.
The technique relies on changes in surface tension prompted by
optically-generated thermal gradients which can be produced by lasers or
optical systems similar to those used in LCD projectors. Although
optically-driven microfluidic devices still have many technical
limitations to overcome, possible applications range from labs-on-a-chip
to electronics.
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2003-08/giot-oct080503.php
Crossed nanotubes could form a quantum dot.
NanoApex News 8/4/2003 - Researchers at Stanford University have proved
that carbon nanotube cross structures could produce quantum dots small
enough to show single-electron effects at room temperature. The
technique employs nanotubes cross structures which can be formed by
self-assembly and could be used for single-electron transistors.
http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News
<http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3674>
&file=article&sid=3674
Molecules build a bridge to spintronics.
NanoApex News 8/4/2003 - Researchers at Stanford University have proved
that carbon nanotube cross structures could produce quantum dots small
enough to show single-electron effects at room temperature. The
technique employs nanotubes cross structures which can be formed by
self-assembly and could be used for single-electron transistors.
http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News
<http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3675>
&file=article&sid=3675
Solar cells give ray of hope to Swiss scientists.
NanoApex News 8/1/2003 - Researchers at the Federal Institute of
Technology in Lausanne have shown that nanocrystalline solar cells are
up to 80% cheaper and just as effective as the currently used silicon
solar cells. The nanocrystalline sells produce electricity by simulating
the natural process of photosynthesis and have successfully passed
intitial durability and heat tests. If the cells pass further tests at
larger scale and unit size, they could be commercially employed for the
development of less expensive large solar panels.
http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News
<http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3668>
&file=article&sid=3668
Nanotubes go with the flow.
NanoApex News 8/1/2003 - Scientists from the National Institutes of
Health and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, have simulated the
transport of water molecules through carbon nanotube membranes to study
the properties of nanoscale water flows in full atomic detail, with flow
generated by an osmotic driving force as in biological systems.
Applications of nanoscale membranes include nanofiltration, reverse
osmosis, fuel cells, and nanofluidic devices such as lab-on-a-chip.
http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News
<http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3665>
&file=article&sid=3665
Events
Nanotechnology customer partnership meeting.
8/15/2003 - The USPTO (United States Patent and Trademark Office)
launches this Nanotechnology Customer Partnership initiative as a forum
to share ideas, experiences, and insights between individual users and
the USPTO. The first meeting will be held September 11,2003 at
Arlington, Virginia.
http://www.atomworks.org/Events/Nanotechnology%20Customer%20Partnership%
20Meeting%20Event%2009112003
NanoCommerce 2003 & NanoCommerce Tech Transfer Fair call for presenters
8/14/2003 - NanoCommerce 2003, presented by Infocast and Small Times
Media, will be the signature conference for the emerging nanotechnology
industry. Building upon the tremendous success of the Nanotechnology
Business Roadmap for Industry event held last October, NanoCommerce 2003
will bring together the most significant firms involved in the
commercialization of nanotechnology throughout the world.
In addition, the NanoCommerce Exposition and Tech Transfer Fair will
provide a platform for organizations with the most cutting-edge
technology to reach major firms with dominant market positions.
Participants will have an opportunity to showcase technologies and
explore licenses and partnerships to move commercialization forward.
Representatives from approved organizations will make a 15-minute
presentation (followed by a 5-minute Q&A session) highlighting their
technology. Presentations will include a detailed scientific and
engineering description, how this technology relates to audience needs,
key advantages and benefits, details of the development stage, and the
nature of the strategic relationships being sought.
If you are a senior representative, inventor or scientist from industry,
a government lab, university or nanotech start-up, and are interested in
having a platform to present your technology, please send an e-mail to
Amy Shachory at amys@infocastinc.com or contact her directly at (818)
888-4445 ext. 35 to receive an Application to Present and more
information. For more information on NanoCommerce 2003, please visit
www.nanocommerce2003.com
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SBIR grant & proposal preparation workshop.
8/14/2003 - Greenwood Consulting Group presents a workshop on the Small
Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program and the Small Business
Technology Transfer (STTR) program on Sep 9, 2003.
http://www.atomworks.org/Events/SBIR%20Grant%20Proposal%20Workshop%20eve
nt%2009092003
TRI/Princeton holds 'Porous Materials Characterization Course' this
fall.
NanoApex News 8/6/2003 - TRI/Princeton organises a three-day
graduate-level course on 'Porous Materials Characterization' on October
14-16, 2003 in Princeton, NJ.
http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News
<http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3681>
&file=article&sid=3681
COMS 2003 - International Commercialization of Micro and Nanosystems.
NanoApex News 8/2/2003 - COMS 2003 (International Commercialization of
Micro and Nanosystems Conference), a 3.5 day conference on micro and
nano technologies, will be held in The Netherlands on September 8-11
2003.
http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News
<http://news.nanoapex.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3671>
&file=article&sid=3671
Disclaimer: AtomWorks and its agents used their best efforts in order to
offer current, correct and clear information. However, some links in
this newsletter lead to resources located on servers maintained by third
parties over which we have no control and thus we disclaim
responsibility of accuracy or legality of information on linked sites or
servers. Also, AtomWorks does not assume, and hereby disclaims, any and
all liability for any loss or damage caused by errors or omissions,
whether such errors or omissions resulted from negligence, accident, or
other causes.
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