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Science Forum Index » Anthropology - Paleo Forum » AAT update...
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| Lee Olsen... |
Posted: Fri Jun 06, 2008 11:04 am |
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Guest
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http://biz.yahoo.com/wallstreet/080522/sb121141083022412295_id.html?.v=2
"According to a new report from the Consumer Product Safety
Commission, the average annual
number of drowning deaths involving children younger than five in
pools and spas has increased
from 267 for 2002-2004 to 283 for 2003-2005. The majority of deaths
and injuries occur in
residential settings and involve children ages one to two, according
to the commission.
"We have to make sure that parents and caregivers understand when
you've got a child around
a body of water, you can't take it lightly," says acting commission
chairman Nancy Nord. "You
have to be vigilant." |
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| Lee Olsen... |
Posted: Sat Jun 07, 2008 4:40 pm |
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Guest
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On Jun 7, 5:14 pm, Marc Verhaegen <m_verhae... at (no spam) skynet.be> wrote:
Quote: SF:
1. Aquatic Ape Theory has been scientifically reviewed
by netloons like olson...??
Asks the wetloon verhaegin who doesn't know a mountain beaver from a
capybara.
Quote:
luckily serious PAs know the savanna was correct all along.
Tobias 1995
Retired when???
The Savanna Hypothesis was right all along, anthros like Tobias just
had the timing wrong. Potts was correct 10 years ago, sorry.
Here is what modern antropologists who are still working in the field
have to say:
Henry M. McHenry and Katherine Coffing
AUSTRALOPITHECUS TO HOMO: Transformations
in Body andMind
Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 2000. 29:125–46
Abstract "Significant changes occurred in human evolution between 2.5
and 1.8
million years ago. Stone tools first appeared, brains expanded,
bodies
enlarged, sexual
dimorphism in body size decreased, limb proportions changed, cheek
teeth reduced
in size, and crania began to share more unique features with later
Homo. Although
the two earliest species of Homo, H. habilis and H. rudolfensis,
retained many primitive
features in common with australopithecine species, they both shared
key unique
features with later species of Homo. Two of the most conspicuous
shared derived characters
were the sizes of the brain and masticatory apparatus relative to
body
weight.
Despite the shared derived characters of H. habilis and H.
rudolfensis, one unexpected
complication in the transition from australopithecine to Homo was
that
the postcranial
anatomy of H. habilis retained many australopithecine
characteristics.
H. rudolfensis,
however, seems to have had a more human-like body plan, similar to
later species
of Homo. H. rudolfensis may therefore represent a link between
Australopithecus
and Homo."
"The Turkana boy tells us that early H. erectus, besides being a tall
biped,
had arms and legs proportioned like a modern human's. For his height,
his
arms were not as long as those of Lucy, Lucy's Child or so far as we
know,
any other prior hominid. He lacked the apish details that, in earlier
bipeds,
suggest occasional tree climbing. The legs and hip bones of Homo
erectus
were buttressed by tremendous thickness and bulges, which denotes a
body geared toward endurance walking and running. An exclusive pact
had
been made with the terrestrial realm, and the boy's legs were
equipped to
cover ground in strides protracted in both length and hours."
Richard Potts from Humanity's Descent
W.-J. Wang and R. H. Crompton 2004
The role of load-carrying in the evolution of modern body
proportions
J. Anat. 204 pp417–430
"Our hypothesis
that there is a direct relationship between the acquisition
of modern postcranial proportions and increased
ranging/transport distances at around 1.8–1.5 Ma appears
to be borne out, although other selective factors, such
as thermoregulatory influences (see Ruff, 1991; Wheeler,
1992) and adaptations for throwing (see Dunsworth
et al. 2003), are likely to have played an important
(although probably interdependent) role."
Holger Preuschoft
Mechanisms for the acquisition of habitual bipedality:
are there biomechanical reasons for the acquisition of
upright bipedal posture?
J. Anat. 204 pp363–384
"Once bipedality has been acquired, development of typical human
morphology can readily be explained as adaptations for energy saving
over long distances. A paper in this volume
shows that load-carrying ability was enhanced from australopithecines
to Homo ergaster
(early African H. erectus),supporting an earlier proposition that
load-
carrying was an essential factor in human evolution."
http://tinyurl.com/2n8y2n
Carl Zimmer, Science Novemer 19, 2004
"It may come as a surprise to hear that humans excel in running.
Obviously, a leopard can leave us in the dust in a short sprint. But
over longer distances leopards and most other mammals flag. "Most
mammals can't sustain a gallop over 10 to 15 minutes," says
Lieberman.
Humans, on the other hand, can continue running for hours while using
relatively little energy. "Humans are phenomenal endurance runners,
in terms of speed, cost, and distance," says Lieberman. You can
actually outrun a pony easily." And yet, he points out, "no other
primates out there endurance run." |
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| Marc Verhaegen... |
Posted: Sat Jun 07, 2008 7:14 pm |
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SF:
Quote: 1. Aquatic Ape Theory has been scientifically reviewed
by netloons like olson...?? :-D
luckily serious PAs know the savanna nonsense is just nonsense:
Tobias 1995 ³We were all profoundly and unutterably wrong! Š All the
former savannah supporters (including myself) must now swallow our earlier
words в
Wood 1996 ³the Œsavannah¹ hypothesis of human origins, in which the
cooling begat the savannah and the savannah begat humanity, is now
discredited²
Stringer 1997 ³One of the strong points about the aquatic theory is in
explaining the origin of bipedality. If our ancestors did go into the water,
that would forced them to walk upright в
Tobias 1998 ³ŠBamford identified fossil vines or lianas of Dichapetalum
in the same Member 4: such vines hang from forest trees and would not be
expected in open savannah. The team at Makapansgat found floral and faunal
evidence that the layers containing Australopithecus reflected forest or
forest margin conditions. From Hadar, in Ethiopia, where ŒLucy¹ was found,
and from Aramis in Ethiopia, where Tim White¹s team found Ardipithecus
ramidus Š well-wooded and even forested conditions were inferred from the
fauna accompanying the hominid fossils. All the fossil evidence adds up to
the small-brained, bipedal hominids of four to 2.5 Ma having lived in a
woodland or forest niche, not savannah.² ³Š if ever our earliest ancestors
were savannah dwellers, we must have been the worst, the most profligate
urinators there²
Stringer 2001 ³In the past I have agreed that we lack plausible models
for the origins of bipedalism and have agreed that wading in water can
facilitate bipedal locomotion (as observed in other normally quadrupedal
primates). I have never said that this must have been the forcing mechanism
in hominids, but I do consider it plausible. As for coastal colonisation, I
argued in my Nature News & Views last year that this was an event in the
late Pleistocene that may have facilitated the spread of modern humans.²
Wrangham 2005 ³Here I follow the conventional assumption that hominins
began in the savanna.² ³Š the composition of the Okavango as a network of
islands could favor the evolution of bipedalism. For those who envisage
bipedalism as facilitated by the need to traverse or exploit aquatic
environments, an inland delta that generates low islands termitogenically or
hydrodynamically offers rich scenarios.²
Alemseged 2006 ³I believe we should just put the savannah theory aside.
I think they basically became biped while they were living in a wooded,
covered environment в |
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| jerry warner... |
Posted: Sat Jun 07, 2008 11:55 pm |
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OT, troll.
Lee Olsen wrote:
Quote: http://biz.yahoo.com/wallstreet/080522/sb121141083022412295_id.html?.v=2
"According to a new report from the Consumer Product Safety
Commission, the average annual
number of drowning deaths involving children younger than five in
pools and spas has increased
from 267 for 2002-2004 to 283 for 2003-2005. The majority of deaths
and injuries occur in
residential settings and involve children ages one to two, according
to the commission.
"We have to make sure that parents and caregivers understand when
you've got a child around
a body of water, you can't take it lightly," says acting commission
chairman Nancy Nord. "You
have to be vigilant." |
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| Back to top |
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| Lee Olsen... |
Posted: Sun Jun 08, 2008 10:29 am |
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On Jun 8, 6:47 am, Marc Verhaegen <m_verhae... at (no spam) skynet.be> wrote:
Quote: OT, troll.
This isn't exactly OT, Jerry. Nor is Lee a troll.
:-D
What else??
Asks the wetloon who thinks mountain beavers are semi aquatic, while
claiming an extensive survey of the literature.
Verhaegen et al. (TREE 2002) Page 213:
"Our extensive survey of the literature [17]"
ROFL |
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| Lee Olsen... |
Posted: Sun Jun 08, 2008 10:54 am |
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On Jun 8, 12:48 am, Marc Verhaegen <m_verhae... at (no spam) skynet.be> wrote:
Quote: SF:
1. Aquatic Ape Theory has been scientifically reviewed
by netloons like olson...?? :-D
SF:
Asks the wetloon verhaegin who doesn't know a mountain beaver from a
capybara.
luckily serious PAs know the savanna was correct all along.
Tobias 1995
SF snipped argupment of leading PAs.
Leading PAs don't have an argument until they come to the realization
that the first stone tools did not get out on the savanna by
themselves.
You cite from non-peer reviewed sources that are before Gona and many
newer
finds.
Quote:
SF:
Retired when???
Cite something by Tobias in a book or journal paper after Pott's
latest publications.
Ostriches, antelope, and land tortoises are found at most major sites.
That suggests savanna rather than swamps.
http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/origins/hominid_journey/pottsclimate.html
"Our own genus, Homo, was a founding member of the new savanna biota.
Stone toolmaking and the dental machinery of the robust australopiths
evolved as adaptations oriented to the resources of the drying,
opening landscape, evolutionary events that centered around the global
climatic change 2.4 to 2.5 million years ago.
The turnover-pulse idea proposes, first, that global temperature fell
precipitously. Second, that this event caused the spread of arid
grasslands within the savanna patchwork of Africa. And, third, that
the growth of these grasslands prompted synchronized change in
hominids and other animal populations. The regional division of
populations led new species to arise, while the force of natural
selection caused new adaptations to evolve. The hominids were
converted to live in open terrain."
http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/december/hominids.htm
"None of the hominids analysed so far ate a diet like that of the
modern chimpanzee, gorilla, or even orangutan, all of which eat nearly
100% C3 foods. This is not to say that they did not eat fruits and
leaves - they most probably did. But they also ate quantities of
actual grasses, or animals that ate the grasses, or both. Grass itself
is difficult to process and to extract the nutrients (unless one is
well-equipped to do so, like a cow), so it's difficult to visualise
how such a large ''grass" signature could occur unless the hominids
ate some animal foods. C4 -consuming invertebrate and vertebrate
animals were abundant and easily collected by hominids. Raymond Dart
was on the right track all those years ago, even if his environmental
scenario was not quite right!"
Quote:
has darwin retired IYO, my little boy
Still lusting after little boys, pervert?
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| Lee Olsen... |
Posted: Sun Jun 08, 2008 12:28 pm |
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On Jun 8, 2:44 pm, Marc Verhaegen <m_verhae... at (no spam) skynet.be> wrote:
Quote: SF:
1. Aquatic Ape Theory has been scientifically reviewed
by netloons like olson...?? :-D
SF:
Asks the wetloon verhaegin who doesn't know a mountain beaver from a
capybara.
luckily serious PAs know the savanna was correct all along.
Tobias 1995
SF snipped argupment of leading PAs.
SF:
Leading PAs don't have an argument until they come to the realization
that the first stone tools did not get out on the savanna by
themselves.
:-D
That's your argument to refute hard, on-the-ground evidence????
Still lusting after little boys, pervert?
Quote: humans are fat & naked & need lots of water & DHA & iodine
these are facts.
Stone tools near water in savannas or elsewhere on confirm that our
ancestors have always been waterside.
Stone tools are found all over the savannas, including mountain tops
and inbetween basins. This is proven by sourcing the material they are
made from.
This completely falsifies AAT and any sort of waterside living. There
have never been any demonstrated early "home bases" found, let alone
waterside.
Butchering
"Archaeological sites created as a result of of these activities
display several important
characteristics:
They are found near water points where Hazda never camp."
Do you know what the word NEVER means?
Camps
"The common presence of large
predators, especially in the late dry season,
makes them dangerous places, especially at
night, even for hunters in thorn-walled
blinds. Women and children rarely visit
these locations after dark. Among the
Hadza, base camps are almost always established
in other settings, 10–20 minutes
walk from permanent water, generally
outside riparian habitats, especially in the
dry season."
J. F. O’Connell et al.
Male strategies and Plio-Pleistocene
archaeology
Journal of Human Evolution (2002) 43, 831–872
Wet apes are stupid stupid stupid. |
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| Lee Olsen... |
Posted: Sun Jun 08, 2008 12:33 pm |
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On Jun 8, 2:47 pm, Marc Verhaegen <m_verhae... at (no spam) skynet.be> wrote:
Quote: Verhaegen et al. (TREE 2002) Page 213:
"Our extensive survey of the literature [17]"
ROFL
Sigh. Why done't you inform a little bit, my little boy,
Still lusting after little boys, pervert?
Quote: before opening you
big mouth:
At Gona, Ethiopia, 2.5 Ma-old stone tools were deposited in ³floodplain
environments, close to margins of channels that carried the volcanic cobbles
used as raw materials for tool manufacture² (Semaw et al. 1997: 333).
The tools were not deposited when it was flooding, proven by lack of
rolling
evidence on the tools. Flood plains are BONE dry most of the year.
Butchering
"Archaeological sites created as a result of of these activities
display several important
characteristics:
They are found near water points where Hazda never camp."
Camps
"The common presence of large
predators, especially in the late dry season,
makes them dangerous places, especially at
night, even for hunters in thorn-walled
blinds. Women and children rarely visit
these locations after dark. Among the
Hadza, base camps are almost always established
in other settings, 10–20 minutes
walk from permanent water, generally
outside riparian habitats, especially in the
dry season."
J. F. O’Connell et al.
Male strategies and Plio-Pleistocene
archaeology
Journal of Human Evolution (2002) 43, 831–872
http://www.mnh.si.edu/anthro/humanorigins/aop/olorg2004/dispatch/star...
"The idea of sleeping on the higher ground rather than next to water
seemed an attractive idea. Lakes, ponds, and stream channels in the
African bush are good natural sources of water and plant food during
the day. But at night they turn into really great places if you want
to be hunted down as prey! The water margins attract the big and
small
predators that like to hunt in the dark of night. Even today at
Olorgesailie, we often go to sleep hearing hyenas, jackals, and
sometimes lions growling and whooping off in the distance during
their
nighttime prowls. Anyway, early humans could get food in the lowlands
- that's where they left the chipped stone tools and other evidence
of
their activities. And, unlike earlier hominins, they could have
avoided the favored hunting areas of other predators if they got to
higher ground at night." |
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| Marc Verhaegen... |
Posted: Sun Jun 08, 2008 4:44 pm |
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Guest
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SF:
Quote: 1. Aquatic Ape Theory has been scientifically reviewed
by netloons like olson...??
SF:
Quote: Asks the wetloon verhaegin who doesn't know a mountain beaver from a
capybara.
luckily serious PAs know the savanna was correct all along.
Tobias 1995
Quote: SF snipped argupment of leading PAs.
SF:
Quote: Leading PAs don't have an argument until they come to the realization
that the first stone tools did not get out on the savanna by
themselves.
:-D
My little boy, humans are fat & naked & need lots of water & DHA & iodine
these are facts.
Stone tools near water in savannas or elsewhere on confirm that our
ancestors have always been waterside.
SFs are stupid stupid stupid. |
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| Marc Verhaegen... |
Posted: Sun Jun 08, 2008 4:47 pm |
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Guest
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Quote: Verhaegen et al. (TREE 2002) Page 213:
"Our extensive survey of the literature [17]"
ROFL
Sigh. Why done't you inform a little bit, my little boy, before opening you
big mouth:
At Gona, Ethiopia, 2.5 Ma-old stone tools were deposited in ³floodplain
environments, close to margins of channels that carried the volcanic cobbles
used as raw materials for tool manufacture² (Semaw et al. 1997: 333).
Nearby, in the Hata Member of the Bouri Formation, hominid fossils of a
similar age to the Gona deposits were discovered in sediments containing
sandstone with bivalve and gastropod shells ³deposited by fluvial processes
associated with floodplains along distributary channels close to a shallow
fluctuating lake² (de Heinzelin et al. 1999: 625). This Member also reveals
evidence of cut and percussion marks on bones of medium and large-sized
bovids, though stone tools have so far not been discovered.
The Homo maxilla AL 666, dated to 2.3 Ma, along with a stone tool assemblage
(though no signs of butchering), was recovered from deposits of the Hadar
Formation, suggesting a landscape which was ³predominantly open, with
wetlands and bushed or wooded grasslands, and with stands of trees close to
the water source² (Kimbel et al. 1996: 559).
At Olduvai Gorge Plio-Pleistocene Homo remains are associated with deposits
containing ³cemented aggregates of the small benthic, freshwater clam
Corbicula² as well as crocodiles, hippos and fish (Blumenschine et al. 2003:
1220). Cut and percussion marks are found on a percentage (4.2 and 8.3%
respectively) of the long bones of larger mammals. Fish and gastropods,
judging by the remains of Œliving sites¹, might have been consumed at
Olduvai Gorge, while the avian fauna included abundant waders (flamingoes,
herons, storks, rails, jacanas, plovers, sandpipers and stilts), swimmers
and divers (grebes, cormorants, pelicans and ducks) as well as marine birds
(gulls, terns and skimmers) (Leakey 1979).
The earliest occurrence of the genus Homo in the Turkana Basin is associated
with flood-plain deposits in which gastropods, fish, crocodiles, bovids,
equids, suids, cercopithecids and hippopotamids occur (Pratt et al. 2005).
During Plio-Pleistocene times the Turkana Basin contained a large lake
fringed by swampy wetlands as indicated by the numerous fossils of hippos,
crocodiles, fish (including a stingray, suggesting a marine connection at
the time), gastropods, bivalves, sponges and numerous ostracods. Lung fish,
water bucks, cane rats, monkeys, giraffes, buffaloes, camels, rhinoceroses
and elephants suggest a rich mosaic of wet, dry, open and closed habitats in
the vicinity of an extensive lake, or large river (Feibel et al. 1991).
Table 6. Taxa found in Unit 2 at Nariokotome III (from Walker and Leakey
1993)
Taxa Lifestyle and habitat
Pila ovata Air-breathing, shallow-water swamp snail
Claria sp. Shallow-water catfish
Clarotes sp. Catfish
Hydrocynus sp. Shallow- to deep-water fish predator
Synodontis sp. Shallow-water spiny catfish
Varanus niloticus Scavenging and often aquatic lizard
Trionyx sp. Soft-shelled freshwater turtle
Pelomedusidae spp. Smooth-shelled water tortoise
Homo erectus Waterside hominid (this study)
Metridiochoerus sp. Grazing pig
Hippopotamus aethiopicus Aquatic herbivore
Hippopotamus gorgops Aquatic herbivore
Bovidae spp. (duiker- to buffalo-sized) Grazing and browsing herbivores
Lepus capensis Grass and herb feeder
The most complete skeleton of an early Homo specimen, KNM-WT 15000, the
so-called ŒTurkana Boy¹ of Nariokotome, Kenya, was discovered on the western
side of the Turkana Basin. It lay among reeds and hippopotamid footprints,
and the most abundant faunal remains associated with it were water snails,
fish and turtles (see Table 6).
The Plio-Pleistocene Shungara Formation in the Omo Basin contains an
archaeological assemblage as well as molluscs (including freshwater oyster
Etheria reefs), fish, crocodiles, hippopotamids, bovids, cercopithecids,
turtles, suids and other vertebrates. The archaeological occurrences ³are
all in proximal river settings² (Clark Howell et al. 1987: 696).
In the Western Rift Valley, the Senga 5A site (22.3 Ma) contains artefacts
associated with gastropods, bivalves, fish, hippopotamids, suids and bovids
in a ³low-energy littoral lacustrine setting² (Harris et al. 1987: 724).
The Plio-Pleistocene Chiwondo Beds of Malawi have yielded Homo fossils as
well as fragmented remains of fish, turtles, crocodiles and large mammals.
They also contain molluscs ³in consolidated beds of carbonate cemented
sandstone. Molluscan shell beds crop out as benches up to several meters
thick and several hundred meters wide² (Schrenk et al. 1995: 59).
The late Pliocene Chemeron hominid (KNM-BC 1) was deposited in a lake filled
basin where fish remains were abundant: ³Molluscs also lived in the lake,
and locally their remains accumulated to form shelly limestones. Š There is
little doubt that the fossil came from the Upper Fish Beds² (Martyn and
Tobias 1967).
The Dmanisi Homo fossil site, dated to 1.8 Ma, is located at the confluence
of two rivers, where at the time a lake or pond had formed due to the
blocking of a river by a lava stream. ³The hominid site itself was likely
located near a lake or pond, rich in lacustrine resources. This biome,
together with the adjacent forest-steppe formations, created a highly
productive ecotone rich in animal and plant resources² (David Lordkipanidze,
personal communication to MV). The inhabitants might have eaten hackberrys,
since abundant seeds have been found at this site (Gabunia et al. 2000).
Early Pleistocene archaeological sites from the Jordan Valley include
Erk-el-Ahmar and ¹Ubeidiya. These sites are associated with lacustrine and
fluvial deposits rich in fresh water gastropod and bivalve remains as well
as fish, turtles, hippos and birds (Bar-Yosef and Tchernov 1972).
Aïn Hanech, an archaeological site in Algeria dated to about 1.8 Ma, was
formed on an alluvial floodplain cut by a meandering river (an oxbow lake),
and may indicate repeated activities by hominids at a shallow river
embankment (Sahnouni et al. 2002).
At Pabbi Hills, Pakistan, artefacts of Pliocene age, about 2 Ma, have been
discovered in deposits which also contain crocodiles, turtles, aquatic
gastropods and bivalves. The molluscs suggest a large, slow-moving river
with clean, shallow water less than five meters deep, analogous to
unpolluted sections of the Ganges River (Dennell 2004).
The site of Mojokerto (Perning), on the Island of Java has been dated to
between 1.5 and 1.8 Ma. This coastal deltaic environment (Huffman 2006)
contained fresh water and marine molluscs, which would have been easily
procured and consumed by early hominid inhabitants (Frank Wesselingh,
personal communication to SM).
At Sangiran, also on Java, where H. erectus was found, ³a thin layer of
diatoms (uni-cellular marine phytoplankton) and dark clays with a marine
musselfauna was deposited by the sea, as was noticed and described before by
Professor Martin from Leiden² (von Koenigs-wald 1981).
Hominids on Java were using mollusc shells to butcher mammals, presumably to
gain access to nutritious meats, as early as 1.5 Ma (Choi and Driwantoro
2007).
The archaeological site of Majuangou (Nihewan), in China, recently dated to
1.66 Ma, reveals that hominids inhabited a lake filled basin, where the
remains of aquatic molluscs, and the leaves and fruits of aquatic plants
have been discovered, indicating a low energy lake-shore or marsh
environment (Zhu et al. 2004).
In the Middle Awash of Ethiopia, the Daka Member of the Bouri Formation,
dated to 1 Ma, contains artefacts, Homo erectus cranial and post cranial
bones, abundant hippo fossils, as well as gastropods and bivalves associated
with alluvial, lakeside beaches or shallow water deposits in distributary
channels (Asfaw et al. 2002).
Buia, in Ethiopia, contains Homo erectus fossils and artefacts dated to 1
Ma. These occur in deltaic deposits of the Alat Formation, which also
contains fish and freshwater gastropod (Melanoides) remains (Abbate et al.
2004). Evidence that hominids butchered medium to large-sized bovids,
hippos, and a crocodile, also come from these deposits (Fiore et al. 2004).
A partial Homo cranium from the same stratigraphic level as Acheulian
artefacts from Olorgesailie, Kenya, has been dated to between 0.97 and 0.9
Ma. The sandy silt adhered to the frontal bone of this specimen contained
amphibian bones and the tooth of the swamp rat Otomys sp., which today
inhabits thick grasses in and around the swamps, lakes and rivers of East
Africa (Potts et al. 2004).
The Angolan site of Dungo V reveals evidence for the exploitation of a large
whale (Balaenoptera sp.) on a former beach more than 0.35 Ma. Closely
associated with the whale skeleton were numerous Lower Palaeolithic
artefacts, together with numerous molluscs, other marine invertebrates and
shark teeth (Gutierrez et al. 2001).
The earliest evidence for human activity in northern Europe comes from the
site of Pakefield, England, about 0.7 Ma, where artefacts from estuarine
silts containing marine fauna have been discovered. The majority of
artefacts derive from ŒUnio bed¹ coastal river deposits (Parfitt et al.
2005).
Homo Sites from 200 ka to 50 ka (kilo-anni, Thousand Years Ago)
The earliest evidence for H. sapiens in the fossil record comes from the
Ethiopian Kibish Formation in deposits dated to 195 ka. This formation
consists of ³flat-lying, tectonically undisturbed, unconsolidated sediments
deposited mainly in deltaic environments over brief periods² (McDougal et
al. 2005: 733). Human remains derive from essentially the same
archeological level that remains of the fresh water oyster Etheria have been
found.
Also in Ethiopia, H. sapiens and stone artefacts occur in the Herto Member
of the Bouri Formation at 160 ka. This member contains gastropods, bivalves
and (often butchered) hippopotamus bones, testifying to a waterside setting
(Clark et al. 2003).
In Eritrea, the 125-ka-old Abdur Archaeological Site, on exposed Red Sea
reefs, indicates that humans were using tools to ³harvest shallow marine
food resources and possibly to butcher large land mammals on the ancient
shoreline² (Bruggemann et al. 2004: 180).
On the Mediterranean coast of Africa, the Haua Fteah site reveals evidence
that H. sapiens were harvesting and consuming shellfish 80100 ka (McBurney
1967), while at the coastal sites of Gibraltar (Barton et al. 1999) and
Liguria (Stiner 1994) there is evidence that H. neanderthalensis was
collecting and consuming shellfish.
Along the African Cape coasts there are many Middle Stone Age (MSA) sites
with abundant shellfish and other marine food remains. The total number of
sites may be in the hundreds. These sites are associated with some of the
earliest modern human remains (see review in Broadhurst et al. 2002). The
best known is Klasies River Mouth, where 20 meter deep shell middens occur,
mostly dating to Oxygen Isotope Stage 5 (Grun et al. 1990, Deacon 1992).
These deposits show ³evidence for the exploitation of marine resources²
(Thackeray 1988: 27). The shell middens associated with Blombos Cave, dated
to 80100 ka, indicate that marine molluscs were the ³most abundant category
of food waste² (Henshilwood et al. 2001: 441) and at Die Kelders the cave
deposits contain ³bones of seals, dolphins and marine birds² (Grine et al.
1991: 375).
On the Atlantic coast, the sites of Sea Harvest, Hoedjies Punt and
Ysterfontein reveal evidence that the inhabitants were harvesting marine
limpets and mussels (Volman 1978, Klein et al. 2004). Many more west coast
MSA shell middens are known, but are as yet unexcavated.
The adipose tissue and organs of seals and sea birds, and the egg yolks of
sea birds and turtles, which consume exclusively marine/littoral foods, are
rich in DHA (Broadhurst et al. 1998, Speake et al. 1999). Cape penguins
could have been scavenged or even hunted fairly easily, especially the eggs
and nestlings. Collecting fresh eggs and live flightless nestling birds in a
littoral environment could therefore have potentially provided the greatest
amount of LC-PUFA (long-chain poly-unsaturated fatty acids) for the least
amount of effort of any terrestrial food source known (Broadhurst et al.
2002).
Evidence from the Willandra Lakes in Australia confirms that at least by
5046 ka (Bowler et al. 2003) and possibly as early as 63 ka (Thorne et al.
1999, but see also Bowler and Magee 2000, Gillespie and Roberts 2000, and
Grun et al. 2000), humans were creating shell middens dominated by the fresh
water mussel Velesunio, and hearths containing remains of the golden perch
Plectroplites (Bowler et al. 1970). The earliest evidence of human
occupation from New Guinea comes from uplifted coral reef terraces on the
Huon Peninsula, which reveal some of the earliest (possibly 4553 ka)
examples of hafted axes known anywhere in the world (Groube et al. 1986).
Significantly, coastal fossil and archaeological sites older than about 125
ka are extremely rare because most coastal caves are younger than 125 ka, or
have been flushed of older deposits by wave action or other erosion (Klein
et al. 2004). Sea levels for much of the Pleistocene were lower than today,
so the vast majority of Pleistocene coasts are now under water. Despite
this, a number of Homo fossil sites older than 125 ka are known, such as the
1.5- or 1.8-Ma-old Indonesian site of Mojokerto, the whale butchering site
of Angola, and the 700-ka-old Pakefield site from England. The non-coastal
sites are generally associated with permanent water bodies such as rivers
and lakes, that in most cases appear to have been connected, at least for a
time, with the coast, for instance, Turkana, Dmanisi, Nihewan, Erq el-Ahmar,
Aïn Hanech, and Pabbi Hills.
H. sapiens appears to have a strong correlation with shellfish, starting
with its earliest appearance in the fossil record, and continuing throughout
the Pleistocene and Holocene to modern times. Huge shell middens and
evidence of aquatic exploitation are known from coasts, rivers and lakeside
settings all over the world from recent times well back into the Pleistocene
(see Fairbridge 1976, Meehan 1982, Shackleton and van Andel 1986, Waselkov
1987, Erlandson 2001).
The data presented here are far from complete and we acknowledge that a more
detailed survey is necessary to provide a clearer picture. Yet, as far as
we know, this is not an unrepresentative sketch of what is currently known
about early fossil and archaeological Homo sites, and H. sapiens sites in
particular from Africa prior to the last glacial. Even if there is a clear
association between Homo remains, however, and permanent water and
shellfish, this can not in itself be seen as proof that Homo was a
water-side dweller. Other lines of evidence are important. |
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| Makouli... |
Posted: Sun Jun 08, 2008 6:05 pm |
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Guest
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"Marc Verhaegen" <m_verhaegen at (no spam) skynet.be> wrote in message
news:C4721F6B.1282E%m_verhaegen at (no spam) skynet.be...
[...]
Quote: Leading PAs don't have an argument until they come to the realization
that the first stone tools did not get out on the savanna by
themselves.
:-D
My little boy, humans are fat & naked & need lots of water & DHA & iodine
these are facts.
Stone tools near water in savannas or elsewhere on confirm that our
ancestors have always been waterside.
SFs are stupid stupid stupid.
Get run out of TO didjya, Marco? If only people
wouldn't ask all those TOUGH questions, eh?
=======================
"But adapting to coastal living is,
of course, not the same as living
IN the water." Stringer --09/14/2001 |
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| Lee Olsen... |
Posted: Mon Jun 09, 2008 7:26 am |
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Guest
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On Jun 9, 8:28 am, Marc Verhaegen <m_verhae... at (no spam) skynet.be> wrote:
Quote: Op 09-06-2008 00:33, in artikel
766c1477-21e1-42b1-a9f9-d223c21c4... at (no spam) q27g2000prf.googlegroups.com, Lee Olsen
paleoc... at (no spam) hotmail.com> schreef:
On Jun 8, 2:47 pm, Marc Verhaegen <m_verhae... at (no spam) skynet.be> wrote:
Verhaegen et al. (TREE 2002) Page 213:
"Our extensive survey of the literature [17]"
ROFL
Sigh. Why done't you inform a little bit, my little boy,
Still lusting after little boys, pervert?
before opening you
big mouth:
At Gona, Ethiopia, 2.5 Ma-old stone tools were deposited in ³floodplain
environments, close to margins of channels that carried the volcanic cobbles
used as raw materials for tool manufacture² (Semaw et al. 1997: 333).
The tools were not deposited when it was flooding, proven by lack of
rolling
evidence on the tools. Flood plains are BONE dry most of the year.
Now is not then,
What part of this are you too stupid to understand?
The tools were not deposited when it was flooding, proven by lack of
rolling evidence on the tools. Flood plains are BONE dry most of the
year.
Still lusting after little boys, pervert?
Quote:
At Gona, Ethiopia, 2.5 Ma-old stone tools were deposited in “floodplain
environments, close to margins of channels that carried the volcanic cobbles
used as raw materials for tool manufacture” (Semaw et al. 1997: 333).
Close to is not in.
Quote: Nearby, in the Hata Member of the Bouri Formation, hominid fossils of a
similar age to the Gona deposits were discovered in sediments containing
sandstone with bivalve and gastropod shells “deposited by fluvial processes
associated with floodplains along distributary channels close to a shallow
fluctuating lake” (de Heinzelin et al. 1999: 625).
"fluctuating" thanks for proving my point above.
Quote: This Member also reveals
evidence of cut and percussion marks on bones of medium and large-sized
bovids, though stone tools have so far not been discovered.
Yep, no shell middens here, just as I thought. They were cutting
kudus, not algae,
what did you expect?
Quote: The Homo maxilla AL 666, dated to 2.3 Ma, along with a stone tool assemblage
(though no signs of butchering), was recovered from deposits of the Hadar
Formation, suggesting a landscape which was “predominantly open, with
wetlands and bushed or wooded grasslands, and with stands of trees close to
the water source” (Kimbel et al. 1996: 559).
Great place to set up a hunting blind, bad place to camp.
Butchering
"Archaeological sites created as a result of of these activities
display several important
characteristics:
They are found near water points where Hazda never camp."
Camps
"The common presence of large
predators, especially in the late dry season,
makes them dangerous places, especially at
night, even for hunters in thorn-walled
blinds. Women and children rarely visit
these locations after dark. Among the
Hadza, base camps are almost always established
in other settings, 10–20 minutes
walk from permanent water, generally
outside riparian habitats, especially in the
dry season."
J. F. O’Connell et al.
Male strategies and Plio-Pleistocene
archaeology
Journal of Human Evolution (2002) 43, 831–872
Quote: At Olduvai Gorge Plio-Pleistocene Homo remains are associated with deposits
containing “cemented aggregates of the small benthic, freshwater clam
Corbicula” as well as crocodiles, hippos and fish (Blumenschine et al. 2003:
1220). Cut and percussion marks are found on a percentage (4.2 and 8.3%
respectively) of the long bones of larger mammals.
Cut marks again? Didn't they eat anything besides kudus?
Quote: Fish and gastropods,
judging by the remains of ‘living sites’, might have been consumed at
Olduvai Gorge, while the avian fauna included abundant waders (flamingoes,
herons, storks, rails, jacanas, plovers, sandpipers and stilts), swimmers
and divers (grebes, cormorants, pelicans and ducks) as well as marine birds
(gulls, terns and skimmers) (Leakey 1979).
Yep, hard evidence the birds were eating the fish, thanks for that.
Quote: The earliest occurrence of the genus Homo in the Turkana Basin is associated
with flood-plain deposits in which gastropods, fish, crocodiles, bovids,
equids, suids, cercopithecids and hippopotamids occur (Pratt et al. 2005).
Too bad there is no evidence at all early Homo was eating an aquatic/
littoral diet.
But we do know from isotopes that they were eating C4 grass or eating
the animals that were eating C4 grass, evidenced by all the cut-marked
kudu bones.
http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/december/hominids.htm
"None of the hominids analysed so far ate a diet like that of the
modern chimpanzee, gorilla, or even orangutan, all of which eat nearly
100% C3 foods. This is not to say that they did not eat fruits and
leaves - they most probably did. But they also ate quantities of
actual grasses, or animals that ate the grasses, or both. Grass itself
is difficult to process and to extract the nutrients (unless one is
well-equipped to do so, like a cow), so it's difficult to visualise
how such a large ''grass" signature could occur unless the hominids
ate some animal foods. C4 -consuming invertebrate and vertebrate
animals were abundant and easily collected by hominids. Raymond Dart
was on the right track all those years ago, even if his environmental
scenario was not quite right!"
Quote: During Plio-Pleistocene times the Turkana Basin contained a large lake
fringed by swampy wetlands as indicated by the numerous fossils of hippos,
crocodiles, fish (including a stingray, suggesting a marine connection at
the time), gastropods, bivalves, sponges and numerous ostracods. Lung fish,
water bucks, cane rats, monkeys, giraffes, buffaloes, camels, rhinoceroses
and elephants suggest a rich mosaic of wet, dry, open and closed habitats in
the vicinity of an extensive lake, or large river (Feibel et al. 1991).
Vicinity????
"Apparently, early humans were in command of at least this portion of
the ancient lakeshore."
"One of the puzzles about Xiaochanglian is that fish fossils are
extremely rare in the sediments containing artifacts.
My guess is that the ancient lake, at least in this vicinity, was too
saline or alkaline for aquatic vertebrates,while
the streams that fed it, although fresh, may have been to ephermal
and shallow to support fish.
A study of the remains of microscopic crustaceans by Manuel Palacios,
of the University of Arizona, confirms that the lake was saline. "
"This kind of habitat---a brackish lake fed by freshwater--- has been
suggested for Olduvai Gorge and Lake Turkana."
Geoffrey G. Pope June 1993 Ancient Asia's Cutting Edge. Natural
History.
Quote:
Table 6. Taxa found in Unit 2 at Nariokotome III (from Walker and Leakey
1993)
Taxa Lifestyle and habitat
Pila ovata Air-breathing, shallow-water swamp snail
Claria sp. Shallow-water catfish
Shallow water says it all. The catfish minnows were eating T-boy, not
the other way around. So much for imaginary littoral lifestyles. |
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| Marc Verhaegen... |
Posted: Mon Jun 09, 2008 10:28 am |
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Guest
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Quote: humans are fat & naked & need lots of water & DHA & iodine
these are facts.
No answer of ou SF.
Quote: Stone tools near water in savannas or elsewhere on confirm that our
ancestors have always been waterside.
Stone tools are found all over the savannas,
Yes, my boy, & elsewhere:
At Gona, Ethiopia, 2.5 Ma-old stone tools were deposited in ³floodplain
environments, close to margins of channels that carried the volcanic cobbles
used as raw materials for tool manufacture² (Semaw et al. 1997: 333).
Nearby, in the Hata Member of the Bouri Formation, hominid fossils of a
similar age to the Gona deposits were discovered in sediments containing
sandstone with bivalve and gastropod shells ³deposited by fluvial processes
associated with floodplains along distributary channels close to a shallow
fluctuating lake² (de Heinzelin et al. 1999: 625). This Member also reveals
evidence of cut and percussion marks on bones of medium and large-sized
bovids, though stone tools have so far not been discovered.
The Homo maxilla AL 666, dated to 2.3 Ma, along with a stone tool assemblage
(though no signs of butchering), was recovered from deposits of the Hadar
Formation, suggesting a landscape which was ³predominantly open, with
wetlands and bushed or wooded grasslands, and with stands of trees close to
the water source² (Kimbel et al. 1996: 559).
At Olduvai Gorge Plio-Pleistocene Homo remains are associated with deposits
containing ³cemented aggregates of the small benthic, freshwater clam
Corbicula² as well as crocodiles, hippos and fish (Blumenschine et al. 2003:
1220). Cut and percussion marks are found on a percentage (4.2 and 8.3%
respectively) of the long bones of larger mammals. Fish and gastropods,
judging by the remains of Œliving sites¹, might have been consumed at
Olduvai Gorge, while the avian fauna included abundant waders (flamingoes,
herons, storks, rails, jacanas, plovers, sandpipers and stilts), swimmers
and divers (grebes, cormorants, pelicans and ducks) as well as marine birds
(gulls, terns and skimmers) (Leakey 1979).
The earliest occurrence of the genus Homo in the Turkana Basin is associated
with flood-plain deposits in which gastropods, fish, crocodiles, bovids,
equids, suids, cercopithecids and hippopotamids occur (Pratt et al. 2005).
During Plio-Pleistocene times the Turkana Basin contained a large lake
fringed by swampy wetlands as indicated by the numerous fossils of hippos,
crocodiles, fish (including a stingray, suggesting a marine connection at
the time), gastropods, bivalves, sponges and numerous ostracods. Lung fish,
water bucks, cane rats, monkeys, giraffes, buffaloes, camels, rhinoceroses
and elephants suggest a rich mosaic of wet, dry, open and closed habitats in
the vicinity of an extensive lake, or large river (Feibel et al. 1991).
Table 6. Taxa found in Unit 2 at Nariokotome III (from Walker and Leakey
1993)
Taxa Lifestyle and habitat
Pila ovata Air-breathing, shallow-water swamp snail
Claria sp. Shallow-water catfish
Clarotes sp. Catfish
Hydrocynus sp. Shallow- to deep-water fish predator
Synodontis sp. Shallow-water spiny catfish
Varanus niloticus Scavenging and often aquatic lizard
Trionyx sp. Soft-shelled freshwater turtle
Pelomedusidae spp. Smooth-shelled water tortoise
Homo erectus Waterside hominid (this study)
Metridiochoerus sp. Grazing pig
Hippopotamus aethiopicus Aquatic herbivore
Hippopotamus gorgops Aquatic herbivore
Bovidae spp. (duiker- to buffalo-sized) Grazing and browsing herbivores
Lepus capensis Grass and herb feeder
The most complete skeleton of an early Homo specimen, KNM-WT 15000, the
so-called ŒTurkana Boy¹ of Nariokotome, Kenya, was discovered on the western
side of the Turkana Basin. It lay among reeds and hippopotamid footprints,
and the most abundant faunal remains associated with it were water snails,
fish and turtles (see Table 6).
The Plio-Pleistocene Shungara Formation in the Omo Basin contains an
archaeological assemblage as well as molluscs (including freshwater oyster
Etheria reefs), fish, crocodiles, hippopotamids, bovids, cercopithecids,
turtles, suids and other vertebrates. The archaeological occurrences ³are
all in proximal river settings² (Clark Howell et al. 1987: 696).
In the Western Rift Valley, the Senga 5A site (22.3 Ma) contains artefacts
associated with gastropods, bivalves, fish, hippopotamids, suids and bovids
in a ³low-energy littoral lacustrine setting² (Harris et al. 1987: 724).
The Plio-Pleistocene Chiwondo Beds of Malawi have yielded Homo fossils as
well as fragmented remains of fish, turtles, crocodiles and large mammals.
They also contain molluscs ³in consolidated beds of carbonate cemented
sandstone. Molluscan shell beds crop out as benches up to several meters
thick and several hundred meters wide² (Schrenk et al. 1995: 59).
The late Pliocene Chemeron hominid (KNM-BC 1) was deposited in a lake filled
basin where fish remains were abundant: ³Molluscs also lived in the lake,
and locally their remains accumulated to form shelly limestones. Š There is
little doubt that the fossil came from the Upper Fish Beds² (Martyn and
Tobias 1967).
The Dmanisi Homo fossil site, dated to 1.8 Ma, is located at the confluence
of two rivers, where at the time a lake or pond had formed due to the
blocking of a river by a lava stream. ³The hominid site itself was likely
located near a lake or pond, rich in lacustrine resources. This biome,
together with the adjacent forest-steppe formations, created a highly
productive ecotone rich in animal and plant resources² (David Lordkipanidze,
personal communication to MV). The inhabitants might have eaten hackberrys,
since abundant seeds have been found at this site (Gabunia et al. 2000).
Early Pleistocene archaeological sites from the Jordan Valley include
Erk-el-Ahmar and ¹Ubeidiya. These sites are associated with lacustrine and
fluvial deposits rich in fresh water gastropod and bivalve remains as well
as fish, turtles, hippos and birds (Bar-Yosef and Tchernov 1972).
Aïn Hanech, an archaeological site in Algeria dated to about 1.8 Ma, was
formed on an alluvial floodplain cut by a meandering river (an oxbow lake),
and may indicate repeated activities by hominids at a shallow river
embankment (Sahnouni et al. 2002).
At Pabbi Hills, Pakistan, artefacts of Pliocene age, about 2 Ma, have been
discovered in deposits which also contain crocodiles, turtles, aquatic
gastropods and bivalves. The molluscs suggest a large, slow-moving river
with clean, shallow water less than five meters deep, analogous to
unpolluted sections of the Ganges River (Dennell 2004).
The site of Mojokerto (Perning), on the Island of Java has been dated to
between 1.5 and 1.8 Ma. This coastal deltaic environment (Huffman 2006)
contained fresh water and marine molluscs, which would have been easily
procured and consumed by early hominid inhabitants (Frank Wesselingh,
personal communication to SM).
At Sangiran, also on Java, where H. erectus was found, ³a thin layer of
diatoms (uni-cellular marine phytoplankton) and dark clays with a marine
musselfauna was deposited by the sea, as was noticed and described before by
Professor Martin from Leiden² (von Koenigs-wald 1981).
Hominids on Java were using mollusc shells to butcher mammals, presumably to
gain access to nutritious meats, as early as 1.5 Ma (Choi and Driwantoro
2007).
The archaeological site of Majuangou (Nihewan), in China, recently dated to
1.66 Ma, reveals that hominids inhabited a lake filled basin, where the
remains of aquatic molluscs, and the leaves and fruits of aquatic plants
have been discovered, indicating a low energy lake-shore or marsh
environment (Zhu et al. 2004).
In the Middle Awash of Ethiopia, the Daka Member of the Bouri Formation,
dated to 1 Ma, contains artefacts, Homo erectus cranial and post cranial
bones, abundant hippo fossils, as well as gastropods and bivalves associated
with alluvial, lakeside beaches or shallow water deposits in distributary
channels (Asfaw et al. 2002).
Buia, in Ethiopia, contains Homo erectus fossils and artefacts dated to 1
Ma. These occur in deltaic deposits of the Alat Formation, which also
contains fish and freshwater gastropod (Melanoides) remains (Abbate et al.
2004). Evidence that hominids butchered medium to large-sized bovids,
hippos, and a crocodile, also come from these deposits (Fiore et al. 2004).
A partial Homo cranium from the same stratigraphic level as Acheulian
artefacts from Olorgesailie, Kenya, has been dated to between 0.97 and 0.9
Ma. The sandy silt adhered to the frontal bone of this specimen contained
amphibian bones and the tooth of the swamp rat Otomys sp., which today
inhabits thick grasses in and around the swamps, lakes and rivers of East
Africa (Potts et al. 2004).
The Angolan site of Dungo V reveals evidence for the exploitation of a large
whale (Balaenoptera sp.) on a former beach more than 0.35 Ma. Closely
associated with the whale skeleton were numerous Lower Palaeolithic
artefacts, together with numerous molluscs, other marine invertebrates and
shark teeth (Gutierrez et al. 2001).
The earliest evidence for human activity in northern Europe comes from the
site of Pakefield, England, about 0.7 Ma, where artefacts from estuarine
silts containing marine fauna have been discovered. The majority of
artefacts derive from ŒUnio bed¹ coastal river deposits (Parfitt et al.
2005).
Homo Sites from 200 ka to 50 ka (kilo-anni, Thousand Years Ago)
The earliest evidence for H. sapiens in the fossil record comes from the
Ethiopian Kibish Formation in deposits dated to 195 ka. This formation
consists of ³flat-lying, tectonically undisturbed, unconsolidated sediments
deposited mainly in deltaic environments over brief periods² (McDougal et
al. 2005: 733). Human remains derive from essentially the same
archeological level that remains of the fresh water oyster Etheria have been
found.
Also in Ethiopia, H. sapiens and stone artefacts occur in the Herto Member
of the Bouri Formation at 160 ka. This member contains gastropods, bivalves
and (often butchered) hippopotamus bones, testifying to a waterside setting
(Clark et al. 2003).
In Eritrea, the 125-ka-old Abdur Archaeological Site, on exposed Red Sea
reefs, indicates that humans were using tools to ³harvest shallow marine
food resources and possibly to butcher large land mammals on the ancient
shoreline² (Bruggemann et al. 2004: 180).
On the Mediterranean coast of Africa, the Haua Fteah site reveals evidence
that H. sapiens were harvesting and consuming shellfish 80100 ka (McBurney
1967), while at the coastal sites of Gibraltar (Barton et al. 1999) and
Liguria (Stiner 1994) there is evidence that H. neanderthalensis was
collecting and consuming shellfish.
Along the African Cape coasts there are many Middle Stone Age (MSA) sites
with abundant shellfish and other marine food remains. The total number of
sites may be in the hundreds. These sites are associated with some of the
earliest modern human remains (see review in Broadhurst et al. 2002). The
best known is Klasies River Mouth, where 20 meter deep shell middens occur,
mostly dating to Oxygen Isotope Stage 5 (Grun et al. 1990, Deacon 1992).
These deposits show ³evidence for the exploitation of marine resources²
(Thackeray 1988: 27). The shell middens associated with Blombos Cave, dated
to 80100 ka, indicate that marine molluscs were the ³most abundant category
of food waste² (Henshilwood et al. 2001: 441) and at Die Kelders the cave
deposits contain ³bones of seals, dolphins and marine birds² (Grine et al.
1991: 375).
On the Atlantic coast, the sites of Sea Harvest, Hoedjies Punt and
Ysterfontein reveal evidence that the inhabitants were harvesting marine
limpets and mussels (Volman 1978, Klein et al. 2004). Many more west coast
MSA shell middens are known, but are as yet unexcavated.
The adipose tissue and organs of seals and sea birds, and the egg yolks of
sea birds and turtles, which consume exclusively marine/littoral foods, are
rich in DHA (Broadhurst et al. 1998, Speake et al. 1999). Cape penguins
could have been scavenged or even hunted fairly easily, especially the eggs
and nestlings. Collecting fresh eggs and live flightless nestling birds in a
littoral environment could therefore have potentially provided the greatest
amount of LC-PUFA (long-chain poly-unsaturated fatty acids) for the least
amount of effort of any terrestrial food source known (Broadhurst et al.
2002).
Evidence from the Willandra Lakes in Australia confirms that at least by
5046 ka (Bowler et al. 2003) and possibly as early as 63 ka (Thorne et al.
1999, but see also Bowler and Magee 2000, Gillespie and Roberts 2000, and
Grun et al. 2000), humans were creating shell middens dominated by the fresh
water mussel Velesunio, and hearths containing remains of the golden perch
Plectroplites (Bowler et al. 1970). The earliest evidence of human
occupation from New Guinea comes from uplifted coral reef terraces on the
Huon Peninsula, which reveal some of the earliest (possibly 4553 ka)
examples of hafted axes known anywhere in the world (Groube et al. 1986).
Significantly, coastal fossil and archaeological sites older than about 125
ka are extremely rare because most coastal caves are younger than 125 ka, or
have been flushed of older deposits by wave action or other erosion (Klein
et al. 2004). Sea levels for much of the Pleistocene were lower than today,
so the vast majority of Pleistocene coasts are now under water. Despite
this, a number of Homo fossil sites older than 125 ka are known, such as the
1.5- or 1.8-Ma-old Indonesian site of Mojokerto, the whale butchering site
of Angola, and the 700-ka-old Pakefield site from England. The non-coastal
sites are generally associated with permanent water bodies such as rivers
and lakes, that in most cases appear to have been connected, at least for a
time, with the coast, for instance, Turkana, Dmanisi, Nihewan, Erq el-Ahmar,
Aïn Hanech, and Pabbi Hills.
H. sapiens appears to have a strong correlation with shellfish, starting
with its earliest appearance in the fossil record, and continuing throughout
the Pleistocene and Holocene to modern times. Huge shell middens and
evidence of aquatic exploitation are known from coasts, rivers and lakeside
settings all over the world from recent times well back into the Pleistocene
(see Fairbridge 1976, Meehan 1982, Shackleton and van Andel 1986, Waselkov
1987, Erlandson 2001).
The data presented here are far from complete and we acknowledge that a more
detailed survey is necessary to provide a clearer picture. Yet, as far as
we know, this is not an unrepresentative sketch of what is currently known
about early fossil and archaeological Homo sites, and H. sapiens sites in
particular from Africa prior to the last glacial. Even if there is a clear
association between Homo remains, however, and permanent water and
shellfish, this can not in itself be seen as proof that Homo was a
water-side dweller. Other lines of evidence are important. |
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| Marc Verhaegen... |
Posted: Mon Jun 09, 2008 10:28 am |
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Guest
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Op 09-06-2008 00:33, in artikel
766c1477-21e1-42b1-a9f9-d223c21c4265 at (no spam) q27g2000prf.googlegroups.com, Lee Olsen
<paleocity at (no spam) hotmail.com> schreef:
Quote: On Jun 8, 2:47 pm, Marc Verhaegen <m_verhae... at (no spam) skynet.be> wrote:
Verhaegen et al. (TREE 2002) Page 213:
"Our extensive survey of the literature [17]"
ROFL
Sigh. Why done't you inform a little bit, my little boy,
Still lusting after little boys, pervert?
before opening you
big mouth:
At Gona, Ethiopia, 2.5 Ma-old stone tools were deposited in ³floodplain
environments, close to margins of channels that carried the volcanic cobbles
used as raw materials for tool manufacture² (Semaw et al. 1997: 333).
The tools were not deposited when it was flooding, proven by lack of
rolling
evidence on the tools. Flood plains are BONE dry most of the year.
Now is not then, my little boy:
At Gona, Ethiopia, 2.5 Ma-old stone tools were deposited in “floodplain
environments, close to margins of channels that carried the volcanic cobbles
used as raw materials for tool manufacture” (Semaw et al. 1997: 333).
Nearby, in the Hata Member of the Bouri Formation, hominid fossils of a
similar age to the Gona deposits were discovered in sediments containing
sandstone with bivalve and gastropod shells “deposited by fluvial processes
associated with floodplains along distributary channels close to a shallow
fluctuating lake” (de Heinzelin et al. 1999: 625). This Member also reveals
evidence of cut and percussion marks on bones of medium and large-sized
bovids, though stone tools have so far not been discovered.
The Homo maxilla AL 666, dated to 2.3 Ma, along with a stone tool assemblage
(though no signs of butchering), was recovered from deposits of the Hadar
Formation, suggesting a landscape which was “predominantly open, with
wetlands and bushed or wooded grasslands, and with stands of trees close to
the water source” (Kimbel et al. 1996: 559).
At Olduvai Gorge Plio-Pleistocene Homo remains are associated with deposits
containing “cemented aggregates of the small benthic, freshwater clam
Corbicula” as well as crocodiles, hippos and fish (Blumenschine et al. 2003:
1220). Cut and percussion marks are found on a percentage (4.2 and 8.3%
respectively) of the long bones of larger mammals. Fish and gastropods,
judging by the remains of ‘living sites’, might have been consumed at
Olduvai Gorge, while the avian fauna included abundant waders (flamingoes,
herons, storks, rails, jacanas, plovers, sandpipers and stilts), swimmers
and divers (grebes, cormorants, pelicans and ducks) as well as marine birds
(gulls, terns and skimmers) (Leakey 1979).
The earliest occurrence of the genus Homo in the Turkana Basin is associated
with flood-plain deposits in which gastropods, fish, crocodiles, bovids,
equids, suids, cercopithecids and hippopotamids occur (Pratt et al. 2005).
During Plio-Pleistocene times the Turkana Basin contained a large lake
fringed by swampy wetlands as indicated by the numerous fossils of hippos,
crocodiles, fish (including a stingray, suggesting a marine connection at
the time), gastropods, bivalves, sponges and numerous ostracods. Lung fish,
water bucks, cane rats, monkeys, giraffes, buffaloes, camels, rhinoceroses
and elephants suggest a rich mosaic of wet, dry, open and closed habitats in
the vicinity of an extensive lake, or large river (Feibel et al. 1991).
Table 6. Taxa found in Unit 2 at Nariokotome III (from Walker and Leakey
1993)
Taxa Lifestyle and habitat
Pila ovata Air-breathing, shallow-water swamp snail
Claria sp. Shallow-water catfish
Clarotes sp. Catfish
Hydrocynus sp. Shallow- to deep-water fish predator
Synodontis sp. Shallow-water spiny catfish
Varanus niloticus Scavenging and often aquatic lizard
Trionyx sp. Soft-shelled freshwater turtle
Pelomedusidae spp. Smooth-shelled water tortoise
Homo erectus Waterside hominid (this study)
Metridiochoerus sp. Grazing pig
Hippopotamus aethiopicus Aquatic herbivore
Hippopotamus gorgops Aquatic herbivore
Bovidae spp. (duiker- to buffalo-sized) Grazing and browsing herbivores
Lepus capensis Grass and herb feeder
The most complete skeleton of an early Homo specimen, KNM-WT 15000, the
so-called ‘Turkana Boy’ of Nariokotome, Kenya, was discovered on the western
side of the Turkana Basin. It lay among reeds and hippopotamid footprints,
and the most abundant faunal remains associated with it were water snails,
fish and turtles (see Table 6).
The Plio-Pleistocene Shungara Formation in the Omo Basin contains an
archaeological assemblage as well as molluscs (including freshwater oyster
Etheria reefs), fish, crocodiles, hippopotamids, bovids, cercopithecids,
turtles, suids and other vertebrates. The archaeological occurrences “are
all in proximal river settings” (Clark Howell et al. 1987: 696).
In the Western Rift Valley, the Senga 5A site (2–2.3 Ma) contains artefacts
associated with gastropods, bivalves, fish, hippopotamids, suids and bovids
in a “low-energy littoral lacustrine setting” (Harris et al. 1987: 724).
The Plio-Pleistocene Chiwondo Beds of Malawi have yielded Homo fossils as
well as fragmented remains of fish, turtles, crocodiles and large mammals.
They also contain molluscs “in consolidated beds of carbonate cemented
sandstone. Molluscan shell beds crop out as benches up to several meters
thick and several hundred meters wide” (Schrenk et al. 1995: 59).
The late Pliocene Chemeron hominid (KNM-BC 1) was deposited in a lake filled
basin where fish remains were abundant: “Molluscs also lived in the lake,
and locally their remains accumulated to form shelly limestones. … There is
little doubt that the fossil came from the Upper Fish Beds” (Martyn and
Tobias 1967).
The Dmanisi Homo fossil site, dated to 1.8 Ma, is located at the confluence
of two rivers, where at the time a lake or pond had formed due to the
blocking of a river by a lava stream. “The hominid site itself was likely
located near a lake or pond, rich in lacustrine resources. This biome,
together with the adjacent forest-steppe formations, created a highly
productive ecotone rich in animal and plant resources” (David Lordkipanidze,
personal communication to MV). The inhabitants might have eaten hackberrys,
since abundant seeds have been found at this site (Gabunia et al. 2000).
Early Pleistocene archaeological sites from the Jordan Valley include
Erk-el-Ahmar and ’Ubeidiya. These sites are associated with lacustrine and
fluvial deposits rich in fresh water gastropod and bivalve remains as well
as fish, turtles, hippos and birds (Bar-Yosef and Tchernov 1972).
Aïn Hanech, an archaeological site in Algeria dated to about 1.8 Ma, was
formed on an alluvial floodplain cut by a meandering river (an oxbow lake),
and may indicate repeated activities by hominids at a shallow river
embankment (Sahnouni et al. 2002).
At Pabbi Hills, Pakistan, artefacts of Pliocene age, about 2 Ma, have been
discovered in deposits which also contain crocodiles, turtles, aquatic
gastropods and bivalves. The molluscs suggest a large, slow-moving river
with clean, shallow water less than five meters deep, analogous to
unpolluted sections of the Ganges River (Dennell 2004).
The site of Mojokerto (Perning), on the Island of Java has been dated to
between 1.5 and 1.8 Ma. This coastal deltaic environment (Huffman 2006)
contained fresh water and marine molluscs, which would have been easily
procured and consumed by early hominid inhabitants (Frank Wesselingh,
personal communication to SM).
At Sangiran, also on Java, where H. erectus was found, “a thin layer of
diatoms (uni-cellular marine phytoplankton) and dark clays with a marine
musselfauna was deposited by the sea, as was noticed and described before by
Professor Martin from Leiden” (von Koenigs-wald 1981).
Hominids on Java were using mollusc shells to butcher mammals, presumably to
gain access to nutritious meats, as early as 1.5 Ma (Choi and Driwantoro
2007).
The archaeological site of Majuangou (Nihewan), in China, recently dated to
1.66 Ma, reveals that hominids inhabited a lake filled basin, where the
remains of aquatic molluscs, and the leaves and fruits of aquatic plants
have been discovered, indicating a low energy lake-shore or marsh
environment (Zhu et al. 2004).
In the Middle Awash of Ethiopia, the Daka Member of the Bouri Formation,
dated to 1 Ma, contains artefacts, Homo erectus cranial and post cranial
bones, abundant hippo fossils, as well as gastropods and bivalves associated
with alluvial, lakeside beaches or shallow water deposits in distributary
channels (Asfaw et al. 2002).
Buia, in Ethiopia, contains Homo erectus fossils and artefacts dated to 1
Ma. These occur in deltaic deposits of the Alat Formation, which also
contains fish and freshwater gastropod (Melanoides) remains (Abbate et al.
2004). Evidence that hominids butchered medium to large-sized bovids,
hippos, and a crocodile, also come from these deposits (Fiore et al. 2004).
A partial Homo cranium from the same stratigraphic level as Acheulian
artefacts from Olorgesailie, Kenya, has been dated to between 0.97 and 0.9
Ma. The sandy silt adhered to the frontal bone of this specimen contained
amphibian bones and the tooth of the swamp rat Otomys sp., which today
inhabits thick grasses in and around the swamps, lakes and rivers of East
Africa (Potts et al. 2004).
The Angolan site of Dungo V reveals evidence for the exploitation of a large
whale (Balaenoptera sp.) on a former beach more than 0.35 Ma. Closely
associated with the whale skeleton were numerous Lower Palaeolithic
artefacts, together with numerous molluscs, other marine invertebrates and
shark teeth (Gutierrez et al. 2001).
The earliest evidence for human activity in northern Europe comes from the
site of Pakefield, England, about 0.7 Ma, where artefacts from estuarine
silts containing marine fauna have been discovered. The majority of
artefacts derive from ‘Unio bed’ coastal river deposits (Parfitt et al.
2005).
Homo Sites from 200 ka to 50 ka (kilo-anni, Thousand Years Ago)
The earliest evidence for H. sapiens in the fossil record comes from the
Ethiopian Kibish Formation in deposits dated to 195 ka. This formation
consists of “flat-lying, tectonically undisturbed, unconsolidated sediments
deposited mainly in deltaic environments over brief periods” (McDougal et
al. 2005: 733). Human remains derive from essentially the same
archeological level that remains of the fresh water oyster Etheria have been
found.
Also in Ethiopia, H. sapiens and stone artefacts occur in the Herto Member
of the Bouri Formation at 160 ka. This member contains gastropods, bivalves
and (often butchered) hippopotamus bones, testifying to a waterside setting
(Clark et al. 2003).
In Eritrea, the 125-ka-old Abdur Archaeological Site, on exposed Red Sea
reefs, indicates that humans were using tools to “harvest shallow marine
food resources and possibly to butcher large land mammals on the ancient
shoreline” (Bruggemann et al. 2004: 180).
On the Mediterranean coast of Africa, the Haua Fteah site reveals evidence
that H. sapiens were harvesting and consuming shellfish 80–100 ka (McBurney
1967), while at the coastal sites of Gibraltar (Barton et al. 1999) and
Liguria (Stiner 1994) there is evidence that H. neanderthalensis was
collecting and consuming shellfish.
Along the African Cape coasts there are many Middle Stone Age (MSA) sites
with abundant shellfish and other marine food remains. The total number of
sites may be in the hundreds. These sites are associated with some of the
earliest modern human remains (see review in Broadhurst et al. 2002). The
best known is Klasies River Mouth, where 20 meter deep shell middens occur,
mostly dating to Oxygen Isotope Stage 5 (Grun et al. 1990, Deacon 1992).
These deposits show “evidence for the exploitation of marine resources”
(Thackeray 1988: 27). The shell middens associated with Blombos Cave, dated
to 80–100 ka, indicate that marine molluscs were the “most abundant category
of food waste” (Henshilwood et al. 2001: 441) and at Die Kelders the cave
deposits contain “bones of seals, dolphins and marine birds” (Grine et al.
1991: 375).
On the Atlantic coast, the sites of Sea Harvest, Hoedjies Punt and
Ysterfontein reveal evidence that the inhabitants were harvesting marine
limpets and mussels (Volman 1978, Klein et al. 2004). Many more west coast
MSA shell middens are known, but are as yet unexcavated.
The adipose tissue and organs of seals and sea birds, and the egg yolks of
sea birds and turtles, which consume exclusively marine/littoral foods, are
rich in DHA (Broadhurst et al. 1998, Speake et al. 1999). Cape penguins
could have been scavenged or even hunted fairly easily, especially the eggs
and nestlings. Collecting fresh eggs and live flightless nestling birds in a
littoral environment could therefore have potentially provided the greatest
amount of LC-PUFA (long-chain poly-unsaturated fatty acids) for the least
amount of effort of any terrestrial food source known (Broadhurst et al.
2002).
Evidence from the Willandra Lakes in Australia confirms that at least by
50–46 ka (Bowler et al. 2003) and possibly as early as 63 ka (Thorne et al.
1999, but see also Bowler and Magee 2000, Gillespie and Roberts 2000, and
Grun et al. 2000), humans were creating shell middens dominated by the fresh
water mussel Velesunio, and hearths containing remains of the golden perch
Plectroplites (Bowler et al. 1970). The earliest evidence of human
occupation from New Guinea comes from uplifted coral reef terraces on the
Huon Peninsula, which reveal some of the earliest (possibly 45–53 ka)
examples of hafted axes known anywhere in the world (Groube et al. 1986).
Significantly, coastal fossil and archaeological sites older than about 125
ka are extremely rare because most coastal caves are younger than 125 ka, or
have been flushed of older deposits by wave action or other erosion (Klein
et al. 2004). Sea levels for much of the Pleistocene were lower than today,
so the vast majority of Pleistocene coasts are now under water. Despite
this, a number of Homo fossil sites older than 125 ka are known, such as the
1.5- or 1.8-Ma-old Indonesian site of Mojokerto, the whale butchering site
of Angola, and the 700-ka-old Pakefield site from England. The non-coastal
sites are generally associated with permanent water bodies such as rivers
and lakes, that in most cases appear to have been connected, at least for a
time, with the coast, for instance, Turkana, Dmanisi, Nihewan, Erq el-Ahmar,
Aïn Hanech, and Pabbi Hills.
H. sapiens appears to have a strong correlation with shellfish, starting
with its earliest appearance in the fossil record, and continuing throughout
the Pleistocene and Holocene to modern times. Huge shell middens and
evidence of aquatic exploitation are known from coasts, rivers and lakeside
settings all over the world from recent times well back into the Pleistocene
(see Fairbridge 1976, Meehan 1982, Shackleton and van Andel 1986, Waselkov
1987, Erlandson 2001).
The data presented here are far from complete and we acknowledge that a more
detailed survey is necessary to provide a clearer picture. Yet, as far as
we know, this is not an unrepresentative sketch of what is currently known
about early fossil and archaeological Homo sites, and H. sapiens sites in
particular from Africa prior to the last glacial. Even if there is a clear
association between Homo remains, however, and permanent water and
shellfish, this can not in itself be seen as proof that Homo was a
water-side dweller. Other lines of evidence are important. |
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| Marc Verhaegen... |
Posted: Mon Jun 09, 2008 2:28 pm |
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Guest
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Savanna Fool wrote his usual BS, not worth an answer.
Op 09-06-2008 19:26, in artikel
dd4f031a-18ed-4239-8eab-4ae78579150d at (no spam) a9g2000prl.googlegroups.com, Lee Olsen
<paleocity at (no spam) hotmail.com> schreef:
Quote: On Jun 9, 8:28?am, Marc Verhaegen <m_verhae... at (no spam) skynet.be> wrote:
Op 09-06-2008 00:33, in artikel
766c1477-21e1-42b1-a9f9-d223c21c4... at (no spam) q27g2000prf.googlegroups.com, Lee Olsen
paleoc... at (no spam) hotmail.com> schreef:
On Jun 8, 2:47?pm, Marc Verhaegen <m_verhae... at (no spam) skynet.be> wrote:
Verhaegen et al. (TREE 2002) Page 213:
"Our extensive survey of the literature [17]"
ROFL
Sigh. Why done't you inform a little bit, my little boy,
Still lusting after little boys, pervert?
before opening you
big mouth:
At Gona, Ethiopia, 2.5 Ma-old stone tools were deposited in ©øfloodplain
environments, close to margins of channels that carried the volcanic
cobbles
used as raw materials for tool manufacture©÷ (Semaw et al. 1997: 333).
The tools were not deposited when it was flooding, proven by lack of
rolling
evidence on the tools. Flood plains are BONE dry most of the year.
Now is not then,
What part of this are you too stupid to understand?
The tools were not deposited when it was flooding, proven by lack of
rolling evidence on the tools. Flood plains are BONE dry most of the
year.
my little boy:
Still lusting after little boys, pervert?
At Gona, Ethiopia, 2.5 Ma-old stone tools were deposited in ¡°floodplain
environments, close to margins of channels that carried the volcanic cobbles
used as raw materials for tool manufacture¡± (Semaw et al. 1997: 333).
Close to is not in.
Nearby, in the Hata Member of the Bouri Formation, hominid fossils of a
similar age to the Gona deposits were discovered in sediments containing
sandstone with bivalve and gastropod shells ¡°deposited by fluvial processes
associated with floodplains along distributary channels close to a shallow
fluctuating lake¡± (de Heinzelin et al. 1999: 625).
"fluctuating" thanks for proving my point above.
This Member also reveals
evidence of cut and percussion marks on bones of medium and large-sized
bovids, though stone tools have so far not been discovered.
Yep, no shell middens here, just as I thought. They were cutting
kudus, not algae,
what did you expect?
The Homo maxilla AL 666, dated to 2.3 Ma, along with a stone tool assemblage
(though no signs of butchering), was recovered from deposits of the Hadar
Formation, suggesting a landscape which was ¡°predominantly open, with
wetlands and bushed or wooded grasslands, and with stands of trees close to
the water source¡± (Kimbel et al. 1996: 559).
Great place to set up a hunting blind, bad place to camp.
Butchering
"Archaeological sites created as a result of of these activities
display several important
characteristics:
They are found near water points where Hazda never camp."
Camps
"The common presence of large
predators, especially in the late dry season,
makes them dangerous places, especially at
night, even for hunters in thorn-walled
blinds. Women and children rarely visit
these locations after dark. Among the
Hadza, base camps are almost always established
in other settings, 10¡©20 minutes
walk from permanent water, generally
outside riparian habitats, especially in the
dry season."
J. F. O¡¯Connell et al.
Male strategies and Plio-Pleistocene
archaeology
Journal of Human Evolution (2002) 43, 831¡©872
At Olduvai Gorge Plio-Pleistocene Homo remains are associated with deposits
containing ¡°cemented aggregates of the small benthic, freshwater clam
Corbicula¡± as well as crocodiles, hippos and fish (Blumenschine et al. 2003:
1220). ?Cut and percussion marks are found on a percentage (4.2 and 8.3%
respectively) of the long bones of larger mammals.
Cut marks again? Didn't they eat anything besides kudus?
?Fish and gastropods,
judging by the remains of ¡®living sites¡¯, might have been consumed at
Olduvai Gorge, while the avian fauna included abundant waders (flamingoes,
herons, storks, rails, jacanas, plovers, sandpipers and stilts), swimmers
and divers (grebes, cormorants, pelicans and ducks) as well as marine birds
(gulls, terns and skimmers) (Leakey 1979).
Yep, hard evidence the birds were eating the fish, thanks for that.
The earliest occurrence of the genus Homo in the Turkana Basin is associated
with flood-plain deposits in which gastropods, fish, crocodiles, bovids,
equids, suids, cercopithecids and hippopotamids occur (Pratt et al. 2005).
Too bad there is no evidence at all early Homo was eating an aquatic/
littoral diet.
But we do know from isotopes that they were eating C4 grass or eating
the animals that were eating C4 grass, evidenced by all the cut-marked
kudu bones.
http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2001/december/hominids.htm
"None of the hominids analysed so far ate a diet like that of the
modern chimpanzee, gorilla, or even orangutan, all of which eat nearly
100% C3 foods. This is not to say that they did not eat fruits and
leaves - they most probably did. But they also ate quantities of
actual grasses, or animals that ate the grasses, or both. Grass itself
is difficult to process and to extract the nutrients (unless one is
well-equipped to do so, like a cow), so it's difficult to visualise
how such a large ''grass" signature could occur unless the hominids
ate some animal foods. C4 -consuming invertebrate and vertebrate
animals were abundant and easily collected by hominids. Raymond Dart
was on the right track all those years ago, even if his environmental
scenario was not quite right!"
During Plio-Pleistocene times the Turkana Basin contained a large lake
fringed by swampy wetlands as indicated by the numerous fossils of hippos,
crocodiles, fish (including a stingray, suggesting a marine connection at
the time), gastropods, bivalves, sponges and numerous ostracods. ?Lung fish,
water bucks, cane rats, monkeys, giraffes, buffaloes, camels, rhinoceroses
and elephants suggest a rich mosaic of wet, dry, open and closed habitats in
the vicinity of an extensive lake, or large river (Feibel et al. 1991).
Vicinity????
"Apparently, early humans were in command of at least this portion of
the ancient lakeshore."
"One of the puzzles about Xiaochanglian is that fish fossils are
extremely rare in the sediments containing artifacts.
My guess is that the ancient lake, at least in this vicinity, was too
saline or alkaline for aquatic vertebrates,while
the streams that fed it, although fresh, may have been to ephermal
and shallow to support fish.
A study of the remains of microscopic crustaceans by Manuel Palacios,
of the University of Arizona, confirms that the lake was saline. "
"This kind of habitat---a brackish lake fed by freshwater--- has been
suggested for Olduvai Gorge and Lake Turkana."
Geoffrey G. Pope June 1993 Ancient Asia's Cutting Edge. Natural
History.
Table 6. Taxa found in Unit 2 at Nariokotome III (from Walker and Leakey
1993)
? Taxa ? Lifestyle and habitat
? Pila ovata ? Air-breathing, shallow-water swamp snail
? Claria sp. ? Shallow-water catfish
Shallow water says it all. The catfish minnows were eating T-boy, not
the other way around. So much for imaginary littoral lifestyles. |
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