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Science Forum Index » Life Extension Forum » Effects of Ultrasound on Biological Systems...
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| Author |
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| Tim Campbell... |
 Posted: Tue May 06, 2008 10:05 am |
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INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA 22
This report contains the collective views of an international
group of
experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the
stated
policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the
International
Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization.
Published under the joint sponsorship of
the United Nations Environment Programme,
the International Labour Organisation,
and the International Radiation Protection Association
World Health Orgnization
Geneva, 1982
ISBN 92 4 154082 6
The World Health Organization welcomes requests for
permission
to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full.
Applications and enquiries should be addressed to the Office of
Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland,
which
will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made
to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations
already available.
(c) World Health Organization 1982
Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright
protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the
Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved.
The designations employed and the presentation of the
material
in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion
whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health
Organization concerning the legal status of any country,
territory,
city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation
of its frontiers or boundaries.
The mention of specific companies or of certain
manufacturers'
products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by
the
World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar
nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the
names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital
letters.
CONTENTS
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR ULTRASOUND
1. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES
1.1. Summary
1.1.1. Scope and purpose
1.1.2. Introduction
1.1.3. Mechanisms of action
1.1.4. Biological effects
1.1.4.1 Airborne ultrasound
1.1.4.2 Molecules in living systems
1.1.4.3 Cells in suspension
1.1.4.4 Organs and tissues
1.1.4.5 Animal studies
1.1.4.6 Epidemiology and health risk evaluation
1.1.5. Exposure limits and emission standards
1.1.5.1 Occupational exposure to airborne ultrasound
1.1.5.2 Therapeutic use
1.1.5.3 Diagnostic use
1.1.5.4 General population exposure
1.2. Recommendations for further studies
1.2.1. Measurement of ultrasonic fields
1.2.2. Exposure of patients to diagnostic ultrasound
1.2.3. Biological studies
1.2.4. Training and education
1.2.5. Regulations and safety guidelines for equipment
2. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ULTRASOUND
2.1. Continuous, gated, and pulsed waves
2.2. Intensity distribution in ultrasound fields
2.2.1. Progressive wave fields
2.2.2. Standing waves
2.3. Speed of sound
2.4. Refraction and reflection
2.5. Characteristic acoustic impedance
2.6. Attenuation and absorption
2.7. Finite amplitude effects
3. MECHANISMS OF INTERACTION
3.1. Thermal mechanism
3.2. Cavitation
3.2.1. Introduction
3.2.2. Stable cavitation
3.2.3. Transient cavitation and studies concerned
with both stable and transient cavitation
3.2.4. Cavitation in tissues
3.3. Stress mechanisms
3.3.1. Radiation pressure, radiation force, and radiation
torque
3.3.2. Acoustic streaming
4. MEASUREMENT OF ULTRASOUND FIELDS
4.1. Measurement of liquid-borne ultrasound fields
4.1.1. Measurement of the total power of an ultrasound beam
4.1.2. Spatial and temporal measurements
4.2. Measurement of airborne ultrasound fields
5. SOURCES AND APPLICATIONS OF ULTRASOUND
5.1. Domestic sources
5.2. Industrial and commercial sources
5.2.1. Airborne ultrasound exposure levels
5.3. Medical applications
5.3.1. Diagnosis
5.3.1.1 Exposure levels from diagnostic
ultrasound equipment
5.3.2. Therapy
5.3.2.1 Exposure levels from therapeutic
ultrasound equipment
5.3.3. Surgical applications
5.3.4. Other medical applications
5.3.5. Dentistry
6. EFFECTS OF ULTRASOUND ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Molecules in living systems
6.3. Cells
6.3.1. Effects on macromolecular synthesis and ultrastructure
6.3.1.1 Protein synthesis
6.3.1.2 DNA
6.3.1.3 Cell membrane
6.3.1.4 Intracellular ultrastructural changes
6.3.1.5 Summary
6.3.2. Effects of ultrasound on mammalian cell
survival and proliferation
6.3.3. Synergistic effects
6.3.4. Summary
6.4. Effects on multicellular organisms
6.4.1. Effects on development
6.4.1.1 Drosophila melanogaster
6.4.1.2 Mouse
6.4.1.3 Rat
6.4.1.4 Frog
6.4.1.5 Summary
6.4.2. Immunological effects
6.4.2.1 Summary
6.4.3. Haematological and vascular effects
6.4.3.1 Platelets
6.4.3.2 Erythrocytes
6.4.3.3 Blood flow effect
6.4.3.4 Biochemical effects
6.4.3.5 Effects on the haemopoietic system
6.4.3.6 Summary
6.4.4. Genetic effects
6.4.4.1 Chromosome aberrations
6.4.4.2 Mutagenesis
6.4.4.3 Summary
6.4.5. Effects on the central nervous system
and sensory organs
6.4.5.1 Morphological effects
6.4.5.2 Functional effects
6.4.5.3 Auditory sensations
6.4.5.4 Mammalian behaviour
6.4.5.5 The eye
6.4.5.6 Summary
6.4.6. Skeletal and soft tissue effects
6.4.6.1 Bone and skeletal tissue
6.4.6.2 Tissue regeneration - therapeutic effects
6.4.6.3 Muscle
6.4.6.4 Thyroid
6.4.6.5 Treatment of neoplasia
6.4.6.6 Summary
6.5. Human fetal studies
6.5.1. Fetal abnormalities
6.5.2. Fetal movement
6.5.3. Chromosome abnormalities
6.5.4. Summary
7. EFFECTS OF AIRBORNE ULTRASOUND ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
7.1. Auditory effects
7.2. Physiological changes
7.3. Heating of skin
7.4. Symptomatic effects
7.5. Summary
8. HEALTH RISK EVALUATION
8.1. General
8.1.1. Criteria
8.1.2. Mechanisms
8.1.3. In vitro experimentation
8.2. Diagnostic ultrasound
8.3. Therapeutic ultrasound
8.4. Hyperthermia
8.5. Dental devices
8.6. Airborne ultrasound
8.7. Concluding remarks
9. PROTECTIVE MEASURES
9.1. Regulations and guidelines
9.2. Types of standards for ultrasound
9.2.1. Standards for devices
9.2.1.1 Diagnostic ultrasound
9.2.1.2 Therapeutic ultrasound
9.2.1.3 Other equipment performance standards
9.2.2. Exposure standards
9.2.2.1 Airborne ultrasound
9.3. Specific protective measures
9.3.1. Diagnostic ultrasound
9.3.2. Therapeutic ultrasound
9.3.3. Industrial, liquid-borne and airborne ultrasound
9.3.4. General population exposure
9.4. Education and training
Full article at:
http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc22.htm#SubSectionNumber:6.4.2 |
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