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Joachim Pense
Posted: Fri Mar 09, 2007 8:20 pm
Guest
Am Thu, 8 Mar 2007 17:58:02 -0500 (EST) schrieb Bob Kolker:

Quote:
Tim Tyler wrote:
Brains may have declined somewhat after the Neanderthals, though.

You mean brain size, yes? Obviously brain capability has increased
exponentially. Size does not matter all that much.


Why exponentially? How can this be measured?

Joachim
Glen M. Sizemore
Posted: Fri Mar 09, 2007 8:20 pm
Guest
"cognitive_ethology" <kohn.gregory@gmail.com> wrote in message
news:esq4dr$2ear$1@darwin.ediacara.org...
Quote:
Notice that you would be hard pressed to find one serious evolutionary
biologist who believes in the eugenic pseudoscience. It is quite clear
to me that this discussion lacks even a rudimentary understanding of
terminology such as fitness, adaptation and least of all personality.

"Yet, let's call it "fitness of the individual", is not improving?! In
this
sense I see "fitness" as the ability to reach satisfaction of one own
desires.
Agree? "

No I don't, how do you quantify desire,

How does one quantify phlogiston? The answer is, of course, that one doesn' - phlogiston turned out to be a hypothetical construct that did not, to put it colloquially, correspond to anything real. The same with the aether. But the phenomena said to require the existence of phlogiston, or aether, or desire DO exist, and they can be put in good scientific order. Physicists have already dealt with the first two. But what of "desire"? Not to mention "beliefs," "attitudes," "intentions," and, more recently "cognitions" etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. What must be done is to delineate the circumstances under which we use the terms, and explain our usage in each circumstance. The former is easiest (but still not necessarily easy) and then we are left with providing a scientific explanation of the speaker's behavior. How is that to be done? Do we take the course of mainstream psychology and "explain" it in terms of more phlogiston? Do we invoke "ideas" which we transfer to the listener who then "understands"? More nonsense of course. Do we then explain the behavior of the speaker in terms of physiology? Sure - if we could. But despite the arm-breaking, self-back-patting of neuroscien
tists, we are about at the level where we can explain habituation of he gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia. No, the answer is to explain utterances, and other forms of behavior, at the behavioral level, and we do that by pointing to the necessary history (whether ontogenic or phylogenic), current circumstances, and other environmental variables (like conditions of deprivation and aversive stimulation an other so-called "establishing operations"). But to cut to the chase, at least some of the conditions under which we say "desire," involve third-person observations of behavior and its relevant context; we say that someone "desires something" when that thing has been a consequence of behavior and we see that behavior reoccur, or when we have seen a particular consequence follow the behavior of others or ourselves and we now see the behavi
or in someone (i.e., we say that a man "desires water" when he approaches a drinking fountain even when we have never seen him obtain water in that fashion.). So.how do we quantify "desire"? One answer is that we don't because "desire" is not a cause of the behavior from which it is inferred, but we may quantify the behavior and the variables that alter it. The details of this, of course, are part of a microcosm of the field known as the experimental analysis of behavior or, nowadays, as behavior analysis. I can't go into this in full detail, as it would touch on 3/5 of a 70 year old scientific filed, but here are a few promising possibilities. We may, in the laboratory, arrange for a consequence to occur on a progressive-ratio (PR) schedule* and quantify "desire" (so to speak), in terms of the highest ratio that an animal reaches. [Though I have criticized the use of this measure uncritically with drugs as consequences.] Or we may pit the consequence against another, and scale it in terms of the frequency of choice under various VI schedules (I won't go into the details). We can even quantify how "desire" dwindles as a consequence become more temporally distant. [This is simply a
facon de parler, however, what controls the relevant behavior proximally are the stimuli correlated with the choice, i.e., color of a light associated with that choice, or position of the manipulandum etc.] But, of course, it is foolish to say that we are "quantifying desire;" we have explained the behavior in a scientific manner, and we are free to discard the old explanatory fictions. So what have I done so far? I have accounted for the phenomena that are part of what we observe when we talk about "desires," and that is a necessary and important step - it shows, speaking colloquially, what "desires really are," in the same sense that special relativity "shows what the ather really is." But I have not given an account of the speakers behavior in labeling the behavioral observaions, though one has been implied by pointing to the behavi
or said to show desires as a controlling variable in the speaker. That is, the behavior said to require the existence of "desires" exerts stimulus control over the speaker's behavior, and it does so because of the consequences that have followed the utterance in the presence of those stimuli.



Anyway, I could write a book on this topic, of course (but one exists
already!), but I'll leave it here for now.



Cordially,

Glen



*A PR schedule is a schedule in which a consequence occurs when a certin
number of responses have been made, but that number is increased by a
certain amount, or according to a particular function, each time the
consequence occurs. The highest ratio that the animal reaches is called
"break point," and it is, for this purpose, superior to the rate of
response - anyway, I'm going off into the other parts of the field).





how would selection act on
Quote:
desire, would adaptations would realizing ones desire result in? It
seems impossible to define desire in a biological sense and even more
impossible then explain how natural selection could act on it. This
statement clearly lacks understanding of the evolutionary process.

"See it scientifically and please don't feel personally affected due
to pride
in the human kind. It's a bad habit questioning the question instead
of
trying to interpret the question the way it was meant. "

If you just looked at my name (cognitive_ethology) you would see that
I am not faulted by "pride in the human kind" as most of my research
interests lie in extending the continuum of mental emotional, and
personality (behavioral syndromes) traits to animals and understanding
the evolution of cognitive behavior and behavioral inheritance
systems. In reguards to "this question", it already been asked, a
thousand times probably, and has been overturned and ruled out again
and again. In this way eugenics is very much akin to its other
pseudoscientific counterparts of creationism, despite evidence from
ethologists, psychologists and evolutionary biologists to the contrary
its loyal members cling to it.

Tim Tyler
Posted: Fri Mar 09, 2007 8:20 pm
Guest
Bob Kolker wrote:
Quote:
Perplexed in Peoria wrote:

You seem to think that evolution is no longer working to enhance 'important
abilities' like intelligence, and is instead enhancing less 'important'
abilities like having children. [...]

Intelligence is greatly overrated by humans (I wonder why?). The
Dinosuars were around a lot longer than mammals and they were as dumb as
a sackful of anvils.

Given the sort of biota that has lasted the longest and the strongest I
would say intelligence is a rather low ranking property on which to select.

Past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results.

These days, demand for processing power is so great, the evolutionary
process has virtually given up modifying its old designs and has
started again from scratch - with something that scales up better -
partly in order to cope with the huge explosion in demand.

Of course, even a brain the size of a planet might be able to
be wiped out by a sufficiently large meteorite - but it seems
reasonable to expect that the chances of that happening will
diminish as time passes.
--
__________
|im |yler http://timtyler.org/ tim@tt1lock.org Remove lock to reply.
Tim Tyler
Posted: Fri Mar 09, 2007 8:20 pm
Guest
Bob Kolker wrote:
Quote:
Tim Tyler wrote:

Brains may have declined somewhat after the Neanderthals, though.

You mean brain size, yes?

Cranial capacity, yes.

Quote:
Obviously brain capability has increased exponentially.

Well, we may well be less intelligent than the Neanderthals were ;-)

Quote:
Size does not matter all that much.

Its significance in this context is partly due to the fact that
it is a trait which fossilises well.

We know that large brains have been pretty continuously favoured
among our ancestors over most of the last 5 billion years - due
to evidence from fossilised skulls.
--
__________
|im |yler http://timtyler.org/ tim@tt1lock.org Remove lock to reply.
Anton81
Posted: Tue Mar 13, 2007 11:57 am
Guest
Quote:
It is quite clear
to me that this discussion lacks even a rudimentary understanding of
terminology such as fitness, adaptation and least of all personality.
I'm not claiming to know beyond common knowledge, but it seems the other

people are getting the message. This is meant to be an exchange of ideas
and not a mathematical-philosophical prove or lawsuit, so it's not good to
question everything rather than .

So if you don't feel comfortable with me using these words, feel free to
reinterpret them in the way I could have meant it.

Quote:
No I don't, how do you quantify desire, how would selection act on
desire, would adaptations would realizing ones desire result in?
A neuro-scientist probably knows how to define this in terms of chemical

processes.

Quote:
...In regards to "this question", it already been asked, a
thousand times probably, and has been overturned and ruled out again
and again...
You are probably good at writing very long essays, but here I prefer a short

pragmatic answer please.

Quote:
In this way eugenics is very much akin to its other
pseudoscientific counterparts of creationism...
Not really sure why people propagate the word "eugenics" in this sense, I

looked it up:
"Eugenics is a social philosophy which advocates the improvement of human
hereditary traits through various forms of intervention."
I want to reinterate that I did not mention any sort of intervention or that
I actually care if human still evolve or not.
Anton81
Posted: Tue Mar 13, 2007 11:57 am
Guest
Thanks a lot for your contribution! I'm afraid right now I'm too busy to go
through it in detail, but it seems like good scientific ideas.

Quote:
Differential fitness costs of reproduction between the sexes.
http://calorierestriction.org/pmid/?n=17192400

Optimizing offspring: the quantity-quality tradeoff in agropastoral
Kipsigis.
http://calorierestriction.org/pmid/?n=11146305

Do human parents face a quantity-quality tradeoff?: evidence from a
Shuar community.
http://calorierestriction.org/pmid/?n=16365856
Anton81
Posted: Tue Mar 13, 2007 11:57 am
Guest
Quote:
That depends on the situation. There may arise a set of circumstances
where intelligence is critical. Nature selects on reproductive fitness,
not an intelligence per se. When intelligence becomes a crucial factor
in reproduction, then you will see intelligence matter.

I actually though about "intelligence". It is not (or hardly) related
directly to reproductive success or in fact any success in the real
society.

But without it there would be no technological progress and we'd still live
like in the middle age. So maybe we should be happy that there are some
geeks around finding ways to make life for future generations better.

To sum up, from a certain point intelligence is not favoured by evolution
anymore, but it makes life better if it increases by chance?!
Bill Morse
Posted: Wed Mar 14, 2007 8:19 am
Guest
Anton81 <usenet1@anton.e4ward.com> wrote in
news:et76o3$29a9$1@darwin.ediacara.org:

Quote:
That depends on the situation. There may arise a set of circumstances
where intelligence is critical. Nature selects on reproductive
fitness, not an intelligence per se. When intelligence becomes a
crucial factor in reproduction, then you will see intelligence
matter.

I actually though about "intelligence". It is not (or hardly) related
directly to reproductive success or in fact any success in the real
society.

But without it there would be no technological progress and we'd still
live like in the middle age. So maybe we should be happy that there
are some geeks around finding ways to make life for future generations
better.

To sum up, from a certain point intelligence is not favoured by
evolution anymore, but it makes life better if it increases by
chance?!


One should remember that in fact there is still a very strong selective
pressure on at least sufficient intelligence to be capable of language -
and simply having enough intelligence to be capable of language may make
most technological progress possible. The best computers still struggle to
understand even simple human language. There is little evidence of any
significant changes in intelligence over the last 40,000 years of human
history. Instead the technological progress has had to do with other
signficant cultural changes: agriculture, writing, monetary systems,
mathematics and the printing press spring to mind.

Yours,

Bill Morse
John
Posted: Wed Mar 21, 2007 7:39 pm
Guest
On Mar 6, 8:44 pm, "cognitive_ethology" <kohn.greg...@gmail.com>
wrote:
Quote:
On Mar 5, 11:57 am, Anton81 <usen...@anton.e4ward.com> wrote:

Unfit (e.g. shortsighted,...) individuals pair up with other unfit
individuals and in fact quite often they have more children (e.g. less
educated people).

So you saying that unfit individuals have less children, isn't this an
oxymoron, because fitness means, "differential reproductive
success" (or something akin to this), thus you "unfit" individuals
actually are fit individuals because they "often they have more
children". But seriously this type of Eugenics has no place in
science, or anywhere for that matter, and should best be seen as
mindless claims form people ignorant of the terminology and mechanisms
of natural selection and evolution.

Berlinski asked in his book that "Fitness" be derived from first
principles:
p.277 Firrs edtion Black Mischief
"... In general trouble arises simply because the connection between
biological traits and fitness is never derived from first principles.
If the
pig weret to be born with wheels mounted on ball bearings instead of
trotters, would it be better off on some scale of porcine fitness?"
Anon.
Posted: Thu Mar 22, 2007 10:30 am
Guest
John wrote:
Quote:
On Mar 6, 8:44 pm, "cognitive_ethology" <kohn.greg...@gmail.com
wrote:
On Mar 5, 11:57 am, Anton81 <usen...@anton.e4ward.com> wrote:

Unfit (e.g. shortsighted,...) individuals pair up with other unfit
individuals and in fact quite often they have more children (e.g. less
educated people).
So you saying that unfit individuals have less children, isn't this an
oxymoron, because fitness means, "differential reproductive
success" (or something akin to this), thus you "unfit" individuals
actually are fit individuals because they "often they have more
children". But seriously this type of Eugenics has no place in
science, or anywhere for that matter, and should best be seen as
mindless claims form people ignorant of the terminology and mechanisms
of natural selection and evolution.

Berlinski asked in his book that "Fitness" be derived from first
principles:
p.277 Firrs edtion Black Mischief
"... In general trouble arises simply because the connection between
biological traits and fitness is never derived from first principles.

Of course, this was done by Fisher in The Genetical Theory of Natural
Selection: he showed how fitness can be determined from survival and
reproduction (OK, under some simplifying assumptions).

Quote:
If the
pig weret to be born with wheels mounted on ball bearings instead of
trotters, would it be better off on some scale of porcine fitness?"

How does it affect survival and reproduction? This is then an empirical

question, so can't be answered from first principles.

Bob

--
Bob O'Hara
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
P.O. Box 68 (Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2b)
FIN-00014 University of Helsinki
Finland

Telephone: +358-9-191 51479
Mobile: +358 50 599 0540
Fax: +358-9-191 51400
WWW: http://www.RNI.Helsinki.FI/~boh/
Journal of Negative Results - EEB: www.jnr-eeb.org
Ian Chua
Posted: Sat Mar 24, 2007 7:15 am
Guest
This is interesting.
I thought that increase in human sexual activity and population births
is due to physical attractions rather than intelligence.
Hence, physical attractions should be the dominant trait passed on
rather than intelligence!!
But why should evolution of a single animal suddenly require two sexes
to reproduce?!!
The need for sex for population growth seems counter-productive to
evolution.
 
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