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Science Forum Index » Research Forum » Time To Advance Heat Theory
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| Arthur D. Brown |
 Posted: Sun Aug 31, 2003 1:03 pm |
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TIME TO ADVANCE HEAT THEORY
Heat theory is not in good shape. In some books heat is called
internal energy (without saying energy of what) caused by adding
external energy by drillng metal or from flames or radiation. Some
others consider the energy is from kinetic energy of internal particles
and temperature is velocity of the particles. This was not finished by
surely, honestly finding the velocities and the particles and then by
calculating the right heat and temperature. Far out expensive projects
like fusion would go better with the right heat theory.
Advances in heat theory can be made by observing that in radio antennas
an electric current in the wire putting electric energy in causes heat
in the wire and a current of photon particles radiating out at right
angles to the current at the speed of light. Photons are liberated out
of the wire. Photons moving around the receiving antenna wire induce a
current accurately like the current causing the radiation. If the
energy input current stops the radiation of photons stops so it costs
to transmit but like heat from the cannon boring if you continue to put
in the energy you continue to get heat and electromagnetic radiation
out.
PHOTONS GIVE HEAT AND RADIATION
Advance #1 is to observe that photons have two states: inside atoms as
heat and outside as electromagnetic radiation.
1. Photons are normally packed into atoms compressed giving them a
potential energy called heat and electric field potential energy from
their charge and possibly potential from a repulsing force that acts
against the strong force that holds matter together in solids.
2. Movement of the electrons in the atoms can cause the internal heat
photons to convert some heat potential energy to kinetic energy of
photons radiating at the speed of light with enormus change in volume.
But the photon radiation striking matter will cause heat in it some
going back to the potential state.
TEMPERATURE EXPLANATION
Advance #2 Temperature is a force that moves heat. It acts like forces
and potentials. It is proportional to the concentration of the heat as
shown by fuses. A strong current in a foot diameter rod produces no
temperature at all but the same current melts a hair fine copper wire
showing it produced the melting temperature of copper.
The temperature of the light beam also is porportional to the density
of photons in the light beam and the inverse square law applies to the
heat intensity in the beam.
ABSOLUTE ZERO, RESISTANCE, NOISE
Advance #3 Electrons effect the photons but photons are effecting the
electrons in matter so motion of the internal photons causes resistance
to the electric current in wires and it also causes random motion of
the current giving it "noise" (a low level effect.) At absolute zero
with the heat gone the electrical resistance is also gone.
Advance #4 EXPLANATION OF CHANGE OF STATE FORCES
1.a Heat in atoms causes a repulsing force that causes the solid to
become liquid then gas by counteracting a very strong short range
attractive force that causes the solid state. In a gas the repulsion
force from heat is proportional to the absolute temperature and it is
showing as the outward repulsion force, pressure of the gas.
Change Of State Forces - With Electric Forces Only
1.b The photons belong with the electric current so the charges explain
why the photons are packed compressed into atoms. If the number of
photons increases in an atom increasing the heat the material will melt
so the photons cause the plus and minus pole of the current to expand
giving the repelling force. In atoms the electron motion to and away
from the nucleus is a current.
Change Of State Forces - With An Extra New Force
1.c If the photon also has a force that is anti solid state force,
that will be the state changing repelling force needed. If they have
such a force the photons would be repelled by the solid state causing
force in the nucleus and em radiaton would prefer the space between
atoms to the nucleus. In glass that possibly happens. Also the
shunning of the nucleus may be showing in x ray diffraction where only
about one percent of photons get near a nucleus.
HEAT STORAGE IN ATOMS - DETAILS, WHERE, HOW
1.a Photons may have an odd new charge because they radiate
perpendicular to the line connecting the plus to the minus pole in the
atom. Electrons would move along the line. In atoms the electron
motion to and away from the nucleus is a current. If the heat photons
store on the radial lines to electrons and the electron changes orbit
inward photons will become excess and they will radiate so heat is
radiated out of the atom and temperature drops. If the electron
increases the orbit outward there will be defficiencies of heat photons
which may be filled by photons radiated in from the environment with
heat packed in and a temperature rise. The electrons can decrease
the packing force of the stored potential heat photons so they radiate
but the atom forces can also repack some radiation into heat.
The Continuous Heat Radiating of Atoms
Temperature Calls For Heat change
1.b Electron action is caused by electric fields and particle
collisions and there may be large changes. Heat radiation in and out
of atoms goes on continuously without external collisions or fields so
the heat stored must be able to call for radiating or storing heat by
excess or deficiency of charge and or if electron motion is needed the
process may use outer fast moving conduction and valence electrons that
move small amounts with low driving energy needed.
NATURE OF THE RADIATED ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
1.a In antennas the number of photons radiating out is proportional to
the current causing the radiation so there will be a wave shape to the
photon current if the electron current had a wave shape. The wave can
act similar to force waves in an ether medium. It takes many photons
that are tiny particles to make a wave. One is undetectable. To get
electric signals from a wave it is necessary to intercept a fraction of
a wave to get a voltage difference. The wave of the photons out of an
antenna is caused by the generating electric current and the photons
can do waves from zero cycles to very high.
The Mass Of Light Issue
Some are now claiming that photons do not have mass but if they do not
they would not have the inertia property of storing up velocity giving
momentum that causes them to leave the drive force causing the
radiation and fly out away. (like a baseball) When the atom radiates
it loses an infinitesimal amount of mass. The electrical and heat
effects of the radiation are stronger than an effect of mass. Mass
and forward velocity get sunlight to the skin where the feeling is of
heat. If the charge to mass and the temperature to mass ratios are
very high this would happen. Charges moving will have the mass
analogue effects called inductance.
THE END
Arthur D. Brown Aug 10 2003 |
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