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Science Forum Index » Physics - Particle Forum » "The Impossibility of Measuring the Velocity of Light"
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| Obni |
 Posted: Tue Jan 08, 2008 10:15 am |
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"The Impossibility of Measuring the Velocity of Light"
The idea that the velocity of light is the same no matter in what
reference frame it is measured is fundamental to the modern sceince of
physics. The premise started with the confusion resulting from failure of
the Michaelson-Morely experiment to reveal an absolute velocity reference
for space and shortly led to both the unique solution Lorentz
Transformation-Aether Theory and the general case solution (no Aether)
equivalent - the Special Theory of Relativity. Since the conclusion that the
velocity of light was constant in all reference frames is based on
observation, the necessity of understanding the methodology of measuring the
velocity of light should be apparent to all who would deal with relativistic
phenomena.
Velocity is defined as distance travelled (length) per unit time. If
one wishes to measure the velocity of any entity, be it light or bullets,
one needs in principle, a yardstick to measure the distance travelled and a
clock to measure the time required for the entity to travel that distance.
It behooves us then to examine the nature of the instruments which might be
used in making the required observations.
In principle, all measurements of length require the equivalent of a
yardstick. (It is not suitable, for example, to define length in terms a
number of wavelengths of light for our purpose since that would result in
measuring the velocity of light in terms of itself, an obvious absurdity.)
That yardstick is constructed, in effect, of an array of atomic nuclei
separated from each other ahd held in place by electromagnetic fields
("virtual photons" are one explanation of the operation of those fields.)
The atomic nuclei contains 99.95% of the mass(energy) of the atom and are on
the order of 10^-15 meters in diameter. The atoms in the array are separated
by about 10^-10 meters. To provide some perspective, a scale representation
would show that if the nuclei were enlarged to the size of a billiard ball,
the nominal distance between nuclei would be about 3.1 miles. Obviously the
length of the yardstick is determined almost entirely by the characteristics
of the electromagnetic forces acting between its nuclei. Similarly, time is
measured by counting the "ticks" of a clock or their equivalent. The time
between clock "ticks" is measured by the period of some type of resonant
system. Such a system could be composed of the coiled "hairspring" of a
watch and a balance wheel or it could be composed of the elasticity of the
bond between two atoms and the mass of those atoms. In all cases, the period
of the resonant system is determined by the spring constant acting in the
resonant system and the significant mass of that system. In other words,
with regard to relativistic effects, what is true of one type of clock is
true for all types of clocks!
Let us then consider what would happen if the velocity of light in free
space were to change. Since the atomic nuclei of the yardstick control their
separation by electromagnetic means, the nuclei would sense that their
separation was now "wrong" and they would move to correct the error. thus
causing the yardstick to change its length. The stiffness of the clocks
"hairspring" is also determined electromagnetic means and the mass of the
"balance wheel" is determined by the energy represented by that mass and the
velocity of light in accordance with M=E/C^2! The result would be that the
postulated change in the velocity of light should change the calibration of
the clock. If the Principle of Relativity is applicable, as indeed it must
be if the Laws of Physics are to be the same in all velocity and elevation
reference frames, then the length of our yardsticks and the speed of our
clocks must change as a result of the postulated change in the free space
velocity of light. Moreover, that change must be such that a measurement of
the velocity of light would be produce the same value regardless of the
reference frame (velocity, elevation) in which it was measured. This would
occur because the units of measurement by which the velocity of light is
measured would change to conceal any actual change in that velocity. Any
measurement of the velocity of light that we may care to make is actually a
measurement of the velocity of light in terms of the velocity of light. Such
a measurement is clearly meaningless. The quantity we accept as the velocity
of light probably results from the dimensionaless Fine Structure Constant
which reveals the velocity of light in terms of the dielectric constant of
space.
To add perspective to the discussion. It is axiomatic that every
process which involves obeying physical laws (including the "constancy" of
the velocity of light and the length of our "yardsticks" must contain the
following steps.
1:- It must measure the magnitude of the quantity in question.
2:- It must compare the measured quantity with its nominal value.
3:- It must apply the necessary "force" to reduce any error towards
zero. This is not an invention of the writer. It is a requirement of any
stable process.
The framers of relativity theory missed the boat in not digging deeply
enough. It is not enough to accept the Principle of Relativity. The question
they should have asked is why does the Principle of Relativity hold. Such a
question leads to the very obvious answer that it holds because matter uses
the velocity of light to control its parameters. One need only to add the
proviso that information cannot propagate faster than the velocity of light
and the mysteries of SR vanish (providing one is not too lazy to follow the
reasoning through to its conclusion). In the case of gravity, the effects of
a change in the velocity of light between reference frames which differ in
elevation is immediately obvious, it is called gravity. Gravity results
because proximity to energy causes an increase in the "absolute" permeabilty
of the Aether. All of the known gravitational effects can be shown to follow
from this change. Space is not "curved". See
http://einsteinhoax.com/gravity.htm.
The source material for this posting may be found in
http://einsteinhoax.com/hoax.htm (1997); http://einsteinhoax.com/gravity.htm
(1987); and http://einsteinhoax.com/relcor.htm (1997). EVERYTHING WHICH WE
ACCEPT AS TRUE MUST BE CONSISTENT WITH EVERYTHING ELSE WE HAVE ACCEPTED AS
TRUE, IT MUST BE CONSISTENT WITH ALL OBSERVATIONS, AND IT MUST BE
MATHEMATICALLY VIABLE. PRESENT TEACHINGS DO NOT ALWAYS MEET THIS
REQUIREMENT. THE WORLD IS ENTITLED TO A HIGHER STANDARD OF WORKMANSHIP FROM
THOSE IT HAS GRANTED WORLD CLASS STATUS.
All of the Newsposts made by this site may be viewed at the
http://einsteinhoax.com/postinglog.htm.
Please make any response via E-mail as Newsgroups are not monitored on
a regular basis. Objective responses will be treated with the same courtesy
as they are presented. To prevent the wastage of time on both of our parts,
please do not raise objections that are not related to material that you
have read at the Website. This posting is merely a summary.
E-mail:- einsteinhoax@isp.com. If you wish a reply, be sure that your
mail reception is not blocked.
The material at the Website has been posted continuously for over 8
years. In that time THERE HAVE BEEN NO OBJECTIVE REBUTTALS OF ANY OF THE
MATERIAL PRESENTED. There have only been hand waving arguments by
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objectively answered, the material at the Website will be withdrawn.
Challenges to date have revealed only the responder's inadequacy with one
exception for which a correction was provided. |
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| Paul Mays |
| Posted: Sun Apr 13, 2008 12:13 pm |
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"Obni" <obni@isp.com> wrote in message
news:513df$4783858e$d8080e3e$31420@DIALUPUSA.NET...
Quote: "The Impossibility of Measuring the Velocity of Light"
The idea that the velocity of light is the same no matter in what
reference frame it is measured is fundamental to the modern sceince of
physics. The premise started with the confusion resulting from failure of
the Michaelson-Morely experiment to reveal an absolute velocity reference
for space and shortly led to both the unique solution Lorentz
Transformation-Aether Theory and the general case solution (no Aether)
equivalent - the Special Theory of Relativity. Since the conclusion that
the
velocity of light was constant in all reference frames is based on
observation, the necessity of understanding the methodology of measuring
the
velocity of light should be apparent to all who would deal with
relativistic
phenomena.
Velocity is defined as distance travelled (length) per unit time. If
one wishes to measure the velocity of any entity, be it light or bullets,
one needs in principle, a yardstick to measure the distance travelled and
a
clock to measure the time required for the entity to travel that distance.
It behooves us then to examine the nature of the instruments which might
be
used in making the required observations.
(Snipped)
This writing is not for the facts of the matter but for the thought
experiment of considering the Facts we do know, The Theories we agree on and
the general knowledge of the observed universe.
I start this with a few point that I as the writer take for factual that a
few will consider purely theoretical. Mainly this means that I start from
the bias of the Universe started from a Big Bang scenario. In that a source
of energy produced all the matter in the universe at a specific time in the
past , which I call Time 0 .
I know some think God puffed it all into existence, and some argue the BB
never happened, Some think its turtles all the way... But in my humble
opinion the theories and maths that have been produced give the best vote
for an explosive event that is still propelling all the matter in the
universe out. The data seems to say that at some point in history all the
matter was at a single place and time.
This is my Bias. I start from the premise that there was a BB. If you start
from any other position then this whole postulate is of no concern as its
not valid unless there was a BB.
Postulate....
Lets start from the beginning and that is what was the BB.. Einstein's
pretty much nailed it when he explained that matter can be converted into
energy and energy could be converted into matter... So what was the Energy
of the BB before any of it was converted into matter. Well a writer Alun
Williams dubbed it a chaos Point (CP) in that energy without matter would be
infinitely chaotic and undefinable.
I have always refereed to it as a Quantum Point and would follow at least
one rule and that was Probability . Other than that the energy of the BB
before time 0 is non definable as there is no matter hence no laws of
physics can apply.
We have as a Quantum Point (QP) an amount of Unified Energy of a
unquantifiable amount and indefinable nature.
My postulate states that according to Probability that QP had the
probability of converting from none to all of its energy into matter or not.
That conversion could have been from one particle of matter to a billion
billion universes of matter. My contention is that all of the Energy of the
QP need not be converted, only a small portion was converted at time 0 into
the matter we perceive as the universe around us.
The remaining energy exists all around us and is still undefinable. While we
can finely define matter in relation to other matter the energy between
matter is still undefinable. We give it constant values as we can measure it
and model it between any two massive objects so we seek the Grand Unified
Theory to explain the observed which we have yet to define. Gravity is well
modeled and we can calculate to the Nth degree what its effect is on massive
bodies we still can't define the cause of effect over distance of
gravitational fields.
Lets try to get past the inherent Bias of the observer to better understand
the concepts to follow. The Bias is Intrinsic in that after time 0 the
matter throughout the universe is connected by the remainder of the energy
of the QP when it converted some of its undefinable energy into definable
matter. So the Bias stems from every item used to measure or observe the
universe is connected to that being observed and the data gathered is Biased
to the observer. This Bias causes us to observe what seems to be a particle
with a material nature but actually be only energy signatures of waves
measured at a specific time with tools that are connected to that which they
observe.
Lets consider converting a known amount of matter into energy completely in
that there is 1X1X1 cube of matter and we magically find a way to convert
all of that matter into energy you would have a QP (Quantum Point, Chaos
Point, Singularity) that occupied no space an since it contains no matter it
cannot be defined physically. It would have infinite energy density even
though it was converted from a finite amount of matter.
In our thought experiment we have a Quantum of Energy and we convert 2
Smallest Physical Particle (SPP) out of it. The remainder of the energy
exists as a field between those two particles. There is a massive energy
release at the conversion of matter from energy. My contention is that
converted from that Energy is a form of matter that I call a SSP or Smallest
Physical Partical an that the energy release causes these SSP's to ring and
produce a EM wave. It also causes the particles to move away from the point
of origin. Note that the particles could be matter or antimatter in any
ratios as per probibility that would rules the QP before time 0.
With 2 SSP's produced as they move away from each other the Universe exists
between those two SSP's. That Field has a value and we can define it once we
have 2 physical particles moving in relation to each other.
Now Lets add 1 additional particle.. only this particle is Anti-Matter. Its
still connected to the other 2 particles via the Quantum State (QS) But if
it runs into one of those other particles they vanish into a flash of energy
and the single particle would collapse the universe into it. If there was
several +SSP's and 1 -SSP's you would have a large energy release as the 2
particles annihilate each other which would propel the remaining +SSP's away
from each other at a higher rate.
This follows the standard theory of a short inflation period followed by the
expansion period of the Big Bang Theory. At Time 0 the QP converted some of
its undefinable energy into Matter in the form of +SSP's and -SSP's and that
shortly after conversion +SSP's and -SSP's annihilated each other causing
the remaining +SSP's to expand at a higher rate.
Now we have lots of SSP'S in a group. They are connected to each other via
the Quantum State which is the same undefined unified energy that was the
Quantum Point (QP) the EM waves interact between each SSP. The EM Waves
heterodyne and interact causing a type of natural selection in that some
SSPs are producing EM Waves that combine with some other SSP's and cause
them to stabilize into bound groups and others have EM wave forms that cause
them to separate further from some SSP's so over time you have groups of
SSP's that as a group produce a EM Wave that is a unified as a heterodyne
wave form. then these groups can become harmonically connected to other
groups and so on.
This QS (Quantum State) between particles has a variable that has been
dubbed the Universal Constant or the Gravitational Constant. I Know
...Constant Variable? These are the values we call constants as we can
measure and model matter and these values remain constant. I contend that
they are variable in that due to scale and the intrinsic bias of being
within the Quantum State we will always measure and validate them as
constants as we vary at the same rate.
In my view the Gravitational Constant of the Universe varies with the
expansion of the universe but is locally modified by groupings of SSP's.
This also applies to the value of c (The Speed Of Light). I contend that c
is a variable but varies on a scale as to be measured as a constant. Again
locally varied by local groupings of SSP's. The Quantum State acts as an
Inverse Tensor Field between all SSP's on a universal scale. It has a Strong
attraction which we measure as gravitational or magnetic or nuclear force
effects aspects of separation distance of SSP's. These forces are but
effects of heterodyne waves of groupings of SSP's and the value of the QS
varies with the distribution of SSP's both universally and locally. We have
modeled Photons taking centuries to escape from the lower sun to the surface
and theorize that photons are absorbed by matter and re emitted causing the
long trip . But in my postulate the value of c in reduced locally between
closely grouped SSP's versus widely separated SSP's. So in the dense sun the
wave form we consider a photon travels at a slower speed locally and faster
once it exits the mass of the sun. |
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