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Science Forum Index » Astro Forum » High-Energy 'Relic' Wind Reveals Past Behavior of Dead Stars
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| Andrew Yee |
 Posted: Wed Feb 07, 2007 11:03 am |
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Guest
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Rob Gutro
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. February 6, 2007
(Phone: 301/286-4044)
High-Energy 'Relic' Wind Reveals Past Behavior of Dead Stars
A team of astronomers from France and South Africa announced the first
catalog of a new type of gamma-ray source, a dozen clouds of "relic"
radiation from dead stars that reveal information about the energetic past
of these celestial objects.
These findings were presented on Feb. 5, 2007 at the first Gamma Ray
Large-Area Space Telescope (GLAST) scientific Symposium meeting in Palo
Alto, Calif., by Dr. Arache Djannati-Ataï, an astrophysicist from the
Astroparticle & Cosmology (APC) laboratory in Paris, France.
Djannati-Ataï, Drs. Anne Lemière and Régis Terrier, also from the APC, and
Prof. Okkie de Jager from Space Unit, North Western University, in
Potchefstroom, South Africa, are members of the High Energy Stereoscopic
System (H.E.S.S.), a multi-national collaboration that made this finding.
H.E.S.S. is a group of four 40-foot telescopes located in Namibia, Africa.
This catalog of "relic" nebulae was obtained through detailed study and
modeling of sources discovered during 2004 and 2005 by the H.E.S.S.
collaboration.
The very high-energy gamma rays detected by H.E.S.S. appear to be coming
from regions near to pulsars -- rapidly spinning ultra-dense objects
created when a massive star explodes as a supernova -- but not close
enough to be produced directly by the pulsars themselves. While it has
been known previously that pulsars emit a "wind" of particles, it had not
been thought that the extent of gamma-ray emission from the wind could be
on this large a scale: many of these objects are surrounded by a gamma-ray
glow many dozens of light years across.
Djannati-Ataï and other team members have shown that these winds, which
are powered by the pulsar over all its lifetime, are indeed the source of
these very energetic gamma rays.
Pulsars, first discovered in 1967, are the extremely dense remnants of
exploded stars, which typically have a mass that is 1.4 times that of the
Sun squeezed down into a ball only a few miles across. Pulsars have very
strong magnetic fields, billions and even trillions as times as powerful
as the Earth's. This incredible magnetism can accelerate electrons to
speeds to very nearly that of light. When such an electron slams into a
particle of light (a photon), the photon can pick up the energy of the
electron in a process known as "inverse Compton scattering." An ordinary
photon of light can be energized tremendously, becoming a
super-high-energy gamma ray. The gamma rays detected by H.E.S.S. have a
trillion times the energy of visible light.
Winds from pulsars have been known for many years. The most famous example
is that from the pulsar in the center of the Crab Nebula, a bright cloud
of expanding gas from a star that exploded in the year 1054. In that case,
the wind generates X-rays (which have less energy than gamma rays) through
synchrotron radiation and gamma rays through the inverse Compton
scattering. These X-rays and gamma rays are seen coming from gas a few
light years across at most.
The objects detected by the H.E.S.S. team are far more extended. The glow
of gamma rays seen from the pulsar PSR B1823-13, for example, is
approximately 100 light years across. A light year is the distance a
particle of light, traveling 186,000 miles per second travels in one year.
The larger size of this gamma-ray emitting region means the electrons
producing the gamma rays have traveled further and so come from a period
earlier in the pulsar's history. This in turn means that studying the
gamma rays from pulsar winds can give astronomers insight into the history
of the pulsar itself and how its magnetic field has changed over the past
tens of thousands of years.
Commenting on these results, Djannati-Ataï said, "About half of the
sources discovered by H.E.S.S. in the central parts of the Galactic Plane
are most likely large relic gamma-ray nebulae associated with middle-aged
pulsars: these nebulae should then constitute a major component of the
very high energy gamma-ray sky. Further observations in radio, X-rays,
gamma-rays and detailed studies of these objects should confirm further
these results and yield precious insights on the evolution of the pulsars
and their nebula including constraints on the magnetic field evolution
with time."
This presentation was made at the GLAST meeting, as the research is
relevant to this upcoming mission. Observations with GLAST would aid
greatly in understanding the physics of these objects, filling a gap in
the energies detected by other telescopes. GLAST is due for launch in late
2007. It is a collaborative effort between NASA, the U.S. Department of
Energy and institutions in France, Germany, Japan, Italy and Sweden.
General Dynamics has been chosen to build the spacecraft.
[NOTE: Images and weblinks supporting this release are available at
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2007/relic_wind.html ] |
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